PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Reinforced concrete:
Concrete is strong in compression weak in tension.

Steel in strong in tension

Reinforced concrete uses concrete to resist compression

and to hold bars in position and uses steel to resist tension.

Tensile strength of concrete is neglected (i.e. zero )

R.C beams allows crack under service load.

Pre-stressed Concrete

What is Pre-stressed
Concrete?:
Internal stresses are induced to
counteract external stresses.
In 1904, Freyssinet attempted to
introduce permanent acting forces
in conc. to resist elastic forces
under loads and was named
Pre stressing.
Concept of pre-stressing:

i . The concept of pre stressing was invented

invented years ago when metal brands were wound
around wooden pieces to form barrels.

ii . The metal brands
were tighten under tensile stress which
creates compression between the
staves allowing them to resist internal
liquid pressure.
Principle of pre-stressing:

Pre-stressing is a method in which compression force is

applied to the reinforced concrete section.
The effect of pre stressing is to reduce the tensile stress in the
section to the point till the tensile stress is below the cracking
stress. Thus the concrete does not crack.
It is then possible to treat concrete as a elastic material.
The concrete can be visualized to have two compressive force
i . Internal pre-stressing force.
ii . External forces (d.l , l.l etc )
These two forces must counteract each other.
Principle of Pre-stressing:

Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied at the c.g of

the section
Principle of Pre-stressing:

Stress in concrete when pre stressing is applied eccentrically

with respect to the c.g of the section .
Pre-stressed Concrete: Methods

There are two basic methods of applying pre-stress to a

concrete member

Pre-tensioning most often used in factory situations

Post-tensioning site use

Types of pre-stressing:
I . Pre-tensioning
In Pre-tension, the tendons are tensioned against some
abutments before the concrete is place. After the concrete
hardened, the tension force is released. The tendon tries to
shrink back to the initial length but the concrete resists it through
the bond between them, thus, compression force is induced in
concrete. Pretension is usually done with precast members
II . Post tensioning
In Post tension, the tendons are tensioned after the
concrete has hardened. Commonly, metal or plastic
ducts are placed inside the concrete before casting.
After the concrete hardened and had enough strength,
the tendon was placed inside the duct, stressed, and
anchored against concrete. Grout may be injected into
the duct later. This can be done either as precast or
cast-in-place.
Post tensioning
Advantages:
Take full advantages of high strength concrete
and high strength steel
Need less materials
Smaller and lighter structure
No cracks
Use the entire section to resist the load
Better corrosion resistance
Good for water tanks and nuclear plant
Very effective for deflection control
Better shear resistance
Disadvantages compared to RC:
Need higher quality materials
More complex technically
More expensive
Harder to re-cycle

Application:
Bridges
Slabs in buildings
Water Tank
Concrete Pile
Thin Shell Structures
Offshore Platform
Nuclear Power Plant
Repair and Rehabilitations
 Large Span Structures :
Used in roofs for halls & hall type structures.
Composed of steel in the form of truss system.
Have load transfer mechanism
Quiet strong in nature
Unique because of their aesthetic properties..
Used in airport, railway station, stadium, assembly hall, godown &
temple etc.

Shell structures.
Folded plate.
Steel space frame.
Coffered slab
North light roof
Patent glazing
Is a curved surface structure.
Transmits load more than 2 directions to support.
Highly efficient.
Shaped, proportioned & supported
Transmits load without bending or twisting.
Thickness is small compared to its other dimension.
Deformation not large as compared to its thickness.
Consist of shearing stress which should be normal to the middle surface and
should be negligible
Application: Used in fuselages of aero plane, boat hulls, roof structures.

Depending upon the geometry of middle surface the shells can be

classified as :

1.Domes

2.Shell Barrel Arch / Vault

3.Translation shells

4.Ruled Surfaces shell

Are hemispherical in shape.
Used as roof structure.
Constructed of stone , concrete & brick.
Supported on circular / regular polygon shaped
walls.
Have certain height & diameter ratio.
Have very small thickness.
Can b constructed with or without lanterns.
Are of 2 types:
i. Smooth shell domes & ii Ribbed shell domes
 Different Types Of Dome :

Spherical dome Triangular dome

Cylindrical dome Rectangular dome

 2. Shell Barrel Vault :
Is an Arched form.
Used to provide a space with ceiling or roof.
Elements of barrel shell:
*Curved membrane
*Tension zone
*Rise
*Span
*Width
*Edge beams
*End frame of diaphragm
Different types of Shell Vault:
 3. Translation Shell :
Is a type of shell structure.
Dome set on four arches
Different from spherical dome
Easier to form than spherical dome
Obtained by moving a vertical curve parallel to
itself along another vertical curve usually in plane
at right angles to the plane of sliding curve.
High tension forces in the corner.
Special cases are:
1.Cylindrical shell & 2. Hyperbolic paraboloid

Sliding curve is straight.

Sliding and stationary curves can have any
geometrical shape.
Is a special case of translation shell.
Obtained by sliding a vertical parabola with
upward curvature on another parabola with
downward curvature in a plane at right angles
to the plane of first.
Carries load on 2 directions.
Diagonal element sags in tension
Other element is an arch which is in
compression.
Consist of saddle surface.
 4. Ruled Surface Shell :
Is a type of shell structure.
Obtained by moving a straight line so that it ends
lie on two fixed vertical curve.
Vertical curves can be similar or different types.
When 2 curves are of similar nature , then
cylindrical shell is obtained.
When one of the curve is elliptical, circular &
other a horizontal straight line parallel to the base
line of the vertical curve then the shell formed is
called Conoid.
Have a saddle surface.
Cone is a special
case of conoid

Horizontal line is a
point.

Curve is circular.

Hyper paraboloid
is also a ruled
surface shell.
Consist of series of thin planer elements.
Flat plates are connected to one another along their edges.
Used in long span especially for roofs.
Give mutual support to each other.
Plates may be continuous over their supports longitudinally.
Capable of transmitting both moment & shear or only shear.
These plates carry the load from slab longitudinally to the
support.
The support must be capable of resisting both horizontal &
vertical forces.
Beam theory may be applied to design if the span is long.
Are used in the form of grids of rectangular, diagonal , triangular or hexagon
pattern, arches domes &other large column free areas.
Highly efficient.
Obtained by connecting the parallel trusses, not by flexible elements but by
transverse trusses as rigid as the main truss.
Deflection of the truss is transmitted to the adjoining trusses & the entire roof
works act more or less monothically.
Such special systems of hinged bar are called SPACE FRAMES.
Offers an economical solution to roofing of large rectangular areas.
Are stiffer than system of parallel trusses.
Shallower in depth .

Hipped end structure

Polygonal dome structure

Geodesic dome structure
*A coffer in architecture is a sunken panel in the shape of a square, rectangle, or
octagon in a ceiling, or vault.
A series of these sunken panels were used as decoration for a ceiling or a vault.
Also known as caissons ('boxes"), or lacunaria ("spaces, openings").
The strength of the structure is in the framework of the coffers.
The stone coffers which is cut in soft tufa-like stone reproduces a ceiling with beams
and cross-beams lying on them, with flat panels fillings the lacunae.
Wooden coffers were first made by crossing the wooden beams of a ceiling.
Experimentation with the possible shapes of coffering, which solve problems of
mathematical tiling, or tessellation, were a feature of Islamic as well as Renaissance
architecture.
The more complicated problems of diminishing the scale of the individual coffers
were presented by the requirements of curved surfaces of vaults and domes.
Example of Roman coffering, employed to lighten the weight of the dome, can be
found in the ceiling of the rotunda dome.
 Is a structure Used to take natural day light from north side.
Glazing bars, bolts & nuts, shoe stop, tension clips & washers are made of aluminum.
It requires no painting.
Saves energy used in consumption of tube lights etc.
Cost saving.
Consists of a series of trusses fixed to girders.
The short vertical side of the truss is glazed so that when the roof is used in the
Northern Hemisphere, the glazed portion faces North for the best light.
It can be used for spans from 20-30m.
Used for industrial buildings, drawing rooms etc
Is a is a non-load bearing framing system.
Used in overhead glazing system.
Can also be used in vertical situations.
Is a drained and ventilated system of dry glazing comprising
a series of longitudinal support members, known as Patent
Glazing Bars , fixed to the building structure, and glass
infill's, either single- or double-glazed.
Does not rely necessarily for its water tightness upon
external glazing seals.
Is an economic alternative to four edge support curtain
walling.
Slim profiles allow the full use of natural light in the
building.
Found in railway stations, shopping malls, atria, schools,
canopies, roofs & north light glazing.
 REINFORCING DETAILING OF R.C.C MEMBERS
DOS-GENERAL
1. Prepare drawings properly & accurately if possible label each bar and show
its shape for clarity.

12

I dia@12c/c

1- dia@12c/c

Cross section of retaining wall which collapsed immediately after placing of soil
backfill because rather than 1-1/4 dia. were used. Error occurred because
Correct rebar dia. Was covered by a dimension line.
2. Prepare bar-bending schedule , if necessary.
3. Indicate proper cover-clear cover, nominal cover or
effective cover to reinforcement.
4. Decide detailed location of opening/hole and supply
adequate details for reinforcements around the
openings.
5. Use commonly available size of bars and spirals. For a
single structural member the number of different
sizes of bars shall be kept minimum.
6. The grade of the steel shall be clearly stated in the
drawing.
7. Deformed bars need not have hooks at their
ends.
8. Show enlarged details at corners, intersections of
walls, beams and column joint and at similar
situations.
9. Congestion of bars should be avoided at points where members
intersect and make certain that all rein. Can be properly placed.
10. In the case of bundled bars, lapped splice of bundled bars shall
be made by splicing one bar at a time; such individual splices
within the bundle shall be staggered.
11. Make sure that hooked and bent up bars can be placed and
have adequate concrete protection.
12. Indicate all expansion, construction and contraction joints on plans
and provide details for such joints.
13. The location of construction joints shall be at the point of minimum
shear approximately at mid or near the mid points. It shall be formed
vertically and not in a sloped manner.
DOS BEAMS & SLABS:
1. Where splices are provided in bars, they shall be , as far as possible,
away from the sections of maximum stresses and shall be staggered.
2. Were the depth of beams exceeds 750mm in case of beams without
torsion and 450mm with torsion provide face rein. as per IS456-2000.
3. Deflection in slabs/beams may be reduced by providing compression
reinforcement.
4. Only closed stirrups shall be used for transverse rein. For members
subjected to torsion and for members likely to be subjected to
reversal of stresses as in Seismic forces.
5. To accommodate bottom bars, it is good practice to make
secondary beams shallower than main beams, at least by
50mm.
Dos COLUMNS.
1. A reinforced column shall have at least six bars of longitudinal
reinforcement for using in transverse helical reinforcement.-for
CIRCULAR sections.
2. A min four bars one at each corner of the column in the case of
rectangular sections.
3. Keep outer dimensions of column constant, as far as possible ,
for reuse of forms.
4. Preferably avoid use of 2 grades of vertical bars in the same
element.
DONOTS-GENERAL:
1. Reinforcement shall not extend across an expansion joint and
the break between the sections shall be complete.
2. Flexural reinforcement preferably shall not be terminated in a
tension zone.
3. Bars larger than 36mm dia. Shall not be bundled.
4. Lap splices shall be not be used for bars larger than 36mm dia.
Except where welded.
5. Where dowels are provided, their diameter shall not exceed the
diameter of the column bars by more than 3mm.
6. Where bent up bars are provided, their contribution towards
shear resistance shall not be more than 50% of the total shear
to be resisted. USE OF SINGEL BENT UP BARS(CRANKED) ARE
NOT ALLOWED IN THE CASE OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE
STRUCTURES.
 DETAILING OF SLABS WITHOUT ANY CUT OR
OPENINGS.
The building plan DX-3 shows the slabs in
different levels for the purpose of
eliminating the inflow of rainwater into
the room from the open terrace and also
the sunken slab for toilet in first floor.
The building plan DX-A3 is one in which
the client asked the architect to provide
opening all round.

Refer the 3d
elevation
 Minimum and max.reinforcement % in beams, slabs and columns
as per codal provisions should be followed.

SLABS:
It is better to provide a max spacing of 200mm(8) for main bars
and 250mm(10) in order to control the crack width and spacing.

A min. of 0.24% shall be used for the roof slabs since it is

subjected to higher temperature. Variations than the floor slabs.
This is required to take care of temp. differences.

It is advisable to not to use 6mm bars as main bars as this size

available in the local market is of inferior not only with respect to
size but also the quality since like TATA and SAIL are not producing
this size of bar.
BEAMS:
A min. of 0.2% is to be provided for the compression bars in order
to take care of the deflection.
 The stirrups shall be min.size of 8mm in
the case of lateral load resistance .
The hooks shall be bent to 135 degree .
 GRID BEAM
GRID BEAM

INCORRECT

Close rings

1.5d 1.5d

300
300
d

2#extra bars Hanger bars

Slope 1:10 CORRECT
Details of Main & Secondary beams
Secondary beam

Main beam
INCORRECT

Secondary beam
Close rings

1.5d 1.5d

300
300
d
60degree

Hanger bars Main beam

CORRECT
 BEAM

1/4OR INCORRECT
1/5 SPAN

Ld
Ld
LINE OF CRACK

d/2
t
t d/2

1.5d d/2+d/2Cot(t)
CORRECT
 Continuous beam
continuous beam Span/4 Span/4

Span/4
Span/4 Span/4

incorrect

Span/4 Span/4

1.5d
1.5d 1.5d

correct
 CONTINUOUS BEAM
SPAN/4 SPAN/4
SPAN/4

.08L1 100% CRACK 100%

CRACK
CRACK
L1 .08L1 L2
.08L2

INCORRECT

100% L1/4 L2/4

L1/4 20%
20%

0.1L1 100% 100%

L1 .15L1 L2
.15L2

CORRECT
 SHEAR AND TORSION REIN. IN
BEAMS
Stirrups taken round outermost
bars spacing<=x1
<=(x1+y1)/4
<=300mm
Min 0.2%bd to control deflection as
well as for seismic requ.
INCORRECT

d y1
Skin rein.10dia is D
required when depth 100 to D-n>500mm
exceeds 450mm(0.1% 200mm

of web area distributed

equally on two faces) D/5

x1 CORRECT

b
 CANTILEVER BEAM WITH
POINT LOAD

Shear rein.

INCORRECT

2/3d
d Ld

CORRECT
Ld
Extra ties
 *COL.CORE HAS TO
BE CONFINED BY
EQ REGION-BEAM-COL JN-EXTERIOR CIRCULAR OR
RECTANGULAR TIES
IN ACCORDANCE
WITH END REGION

SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES <=d/2

COL.
END REGION
CORE*

SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES
<=100mm
END REGION
BEAM COL. JUNCTION-EQ
REGION

INCORRECT CORRECT
SPACING OF
LATERAL
TIES <=d/2 BEAM COL. JUNCTION-EQ
REGION
 COLUMN DETAILS IN EQ REGIONS
incorrect
First stirrups correct
50mm from beam
face
END
REGION END REGION-h/6 or D or
450MM whichever is
greater

h
b d

END
REGION END
REGION

Spacing of shear rein. In

columns Spacing of shear rein. In
columns
 EQ-REGION-CONTINUOUS BEAM

INCORRECT

50mmmax CONTINUOUS BARS NOT LESS THAN

AREA OF BARS AT COL.FACE CORRECT

A=L1/3 A=L1/3 A=L1/3

Ld

stp@maxd/2 2d 2d stp@maxd/2
2d Stirrup spacing=d/4 or
100mm or 8dia which
ever is the least
 FOOTING-DETAILS(INDEPENDENT)

INCORRECT COLUMN
BARS

STARTER
NATURAL
BARS
G.L

COVER TO
STARTER

Lb
3 SIDE COVER Ldt
Min.300

COVER50mm
Ldt
IF p.c.c below
CORRECT or 75mm
 TYPICAL REIN DETAILS OF
INCORRECT HAMMER FOUNDATION BLOCK

CORRECT

Ld

Ld
SECTION OF TRENCH
INCORRECT

CRACK

CORRECT
Ld

Ld
Ld
STAIRCASE-WITH WAIST SLAB

INCORRECT

Extra bar
Ld(min)

Ld(min)

Ld(min)

CORRECT
 SLABLESS STAIRCASE

Dist.

Alternate 1
Main bar

Main bar
 SLABLESS STAIRCASE

Main bar

L=horizontal span

Alternate 2
A=0.25L
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS
FOR A CONCRETE GRADE M20 &STEEL STRENGTH Fy=415

SLNO BAR TENSION COMPRESSION REMARKS

DIA. mm
1 8 376.0 301.0

2 10 470.0 376.0

3 12 564.0 451.0

4 16 752.0 602.0

5 20 940.0 752.0

6 22 1034.0 827.0

7 25 1175.0 940.0

8 28 1316.0 1053.0

9 32 1504.0 1203.0

APPROXIMATELY USE 50Xdia FOR TENSION