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By
Nurul Hidayati, dr
Anatomy-Histology Department
Faculty of Medicine Brawijaya University
The objectives
After learning this sub topic, students are able to :
Figure 6.3
OSSIFICATION
Bone Formation
Endochondralis Ossification
Hyaline Cartilage Model
Ex. os femur, os radius, os humerus
Intramembranous /
Desmalis Ossification
Condrocyte
Mesenchymal cell
differentiate & agregate
osteoblast (produce ossein)
osteocyte spiculae
trabeculae Bone
Endochondralis Ossification
Figure 5.4a
Table 5.2
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.17
Repair of Bone Fractures
Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.18
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture
Figure 5.5
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.19
Approaches to Studying Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Undergraduate courses are
taught systemically, mainly
because physiology is
taught along with anatomy.
Regional Anatomy
Medical school courses are
taught regionally.
Dissection of a cadaver is
best done in this manner.
SISTEM TUBUH MANUSIA
Atoms
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Terminology in part of bones
Elevations and projections
The attachment of tendons, ligaments, muscles
and adjacent bones articulate
Depression, grooves and tunnels
Sites the blood vessels and nerves lie alongside
or penetrate the bone
TERMINOLOGY
Plane Direction/Position
Median/midsagittal Anterior-Posterior
Sagittal Ventral-dorsal
Coronal Superior-Inferior
Frontal Cranial-Caudal
Transversal/horizontal Lateral-Medial
Proximal-Distal
Superficial-Profundus
Interna-Externa
Terms of
Relationship and
Comparison
Superficial vs. deep
Medial vs. lateral
Superior vs. inferior
Cranial vs. caudal
Anterior vs. posterior
Proximal vs. distal
Dorsal vs. palmar
Dorsal vs. plantar