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SKELETAL SYSTEM

By
Nurul Hidayati, dr
Anatomy-Histology Department
Faculty of Medicine Brawijaya University
The objectives
After learning this sub topic, students are able to :

Describe the general structure of bone including the growth


and development

Identify varied bones based on the shape and characteristic


external and internal features which arrange the bony skeleton

Discuss and explain the significance of the arrangement of


bones to form the skeleton and their function in articulations
Nomenclature
General Features
Bony Skeleton
Structure of Bone
Ossification
Bone Classification
OUTLINES
Specific Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular
Skeleton
Bony Skeleton
Structure:
Bones
Cartilage
Function
Protection
Support
Movement
Storage for minerals
Supply of new blood cells
Parts
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Structure of Bone
The composition of bone consist of :
Water 50%
Solid substance 50%
Organic substance 31%
Bone Matrix : Ossein collagen fiber tissue :
A fibrous protein that provide flexibility
Bone Cellular
Inorganic substance 69%
Bone matrix : Calcium Phosphate, calcium
carbonate etc Mineral salts that provide hardness
Bone cellular

Osteogenic cells : stem cells.


Osteoblasts : bone building cells, secrete matrix substance
collagen fibers, deposit minerals
Osteocytes : mature bone cells that no longer secrete matrix
Osteoclasts : bone digestion, remove matrix substance and
release minerals
Structure of Bone
Type of Bones
Compact Bone : dense and solid
Spongy Bone : form an open network of struts
and plates
Both them are present in typical bones
Bone Layers
Periosteum
Endosteum
Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis : shaft compact
bone forms the wall
Epiphysis : the distal and
proximal ends spongy bone
Metaphysis : regions in a
mature bone where the
diaphysis joins the epiphysis
Articular cartilage : a thin layer
of hyaline cartilage that covers
each epiphysis
Medullary cavity : the space in
the diaphysis that contains
fatty yellow bone marrow,
surrounded by spongy bone
Histology Structure of Compact Bone
Concentric Lamellae : calcified matrix surrounding a vertically
oriented blood vessel.
Lacuna : a small hollow space, contains osteocytes.
Canaliculus : a small channel filled with extracellular fluid that
connects lacunae to each other, and to the central canal.
Central Canal : a circular channel that contains blood and
lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
Structure of Long Bone

Figure 6.3
OSSIFICATION
Bone Formation

Intramembranous / Desmalis ossification


Mesenchymal cell
Ex. Skull (os frontale and parietale),
os scapulae, os costae

Endochondralis Ossification
Hyaline Cartilage Model
Ex. os femur, os radius, os humerus
Intramembranous /
Desmalis Ossification

Condrocyte
Mesenchymal cell
differentiate & agregate
osteoblast (produce ossein)
osteocyte spiculae
trabeculae Bone
Endochondralis Ossification

Cartilage enlarges reduced matrix calcifying


process condrocyte disintegrate capillaries
and osteoblast invade to the central portion of
diaphyse as primary center of ossification
spongy bone remodelling could be convert to
compact bone growth in length and diameter

Capillaries and osteoblast migrate to epiphyse


secundary center of ossification spongy bone

At maturity, the rate of epipyseal cartilage


production slows while those of osteoblast activity
accelerates, until the epiphyseal closure occurs
Enchondralis
Long Bone Formation and Growth

Figure 5.4a

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide


Bone Growth in Length
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilage cells in this plate divide
rapidly.
Zone of proliferating cartilage.
Between ages 18-25, the
epiphyseal plates close.
Cartilage cells in the plate stop
dividing and bone replaces the
cartilage.
Growth in length stops at age
25.
Bone Growth in Width
Bone Classification
Long Bone/os longum Flat Bone
Epiphyse, metaphyse, Thin, roughly parallel
diaphyse surface of compact bone
Medullare cavity (osseum Spongious subst. >>
medulla) Compact subst.
Compact substance >> Protect underlying tissue,
Spongious substance The attachment of skletal
muscle
Short Bone/os brevis
Cuboidal in shape Irregular Bone
Compact bone covers external Irregular shape
surface, interior contain Cavity (sinus) in bone
spongy bone
Bone Marking
Factors Affecting Bone Growth
1
Nutrition
Adequate levels of vitamins and minerals.
Calcium and phosphorus for bone growth.
Vitamin C for collagen formation.
Vitamins K and B12 for protein synthesis.
Factors Affecting Bone Growth
2
Hormones
During childhood growth
factors stimulate cell
division.
Human growth hormone
(hGH)
Thyroid hormones
Insulin

Sex steroids at puberty


initiate male and female
characteristics.
Bone Remodeling
Bone Remodeling- the
ongoing replacement of
old bone tissue by new
bone tissue.
Resorption and
Deposition
Osteoclasts- removal of
minerals and collagen.
4% per year in compact bone.
20% per year in spongy bone.
Osteoblasts- deposition of
minerals and collagen.
Aging and Bone Tissue
Demineralization- loss of minerals.
Very rapid in women 40-45 as estrogen levels
decrease.
In males, begins after age 60, but is gradual.
Decrease in protein synthesis
Decrease in growth hormone.
Decrease in collagen production, which gives bone its
tensile strength, this causes bone to become brittle
and susceptible to fracture.
Cold spots
indicate
Decreased
metabolism of
decalcified
bone.
Fracture.
Bone
infection.
Exercise and Bone Tissue
Mechanical Stress- the pull on bone by
skeletal muscle and gravity.
Mechanical stress increases deposition of
mineral salts and collagen production.
Bone Fractures
A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture break that does not
penetrate the skin
Open (compound) fracture broken bone
penetrates through the skin
Bone fractures are treated by reduction
and immobilization
Realignment of the bone
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.16
Types of fractures
Pathology Part 2

Complex Incomplete Comminuted Greenstick

Simple (closed) Compound (open) Colles Impacted


Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures
Common Types of Fractures

Table 5.2

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.17
Repair of Bone Fractures
Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is
formed
Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to
form a callus
Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a
bony callus
Bony callus is remodeled to form a
permanent patch
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.18
Stages in the Healing of a Bone
Fracture

Figure 5.5

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 5.19
Approaches to Studying Anatomy

Systemic Anatomy
Undergraduate courses are
taught systemically, mainly
because physiology is
taught along with anatomy.

Regional Anatomy
Medical school courses are
taught regionally.
Dissection of a cadaver is
best done in this manner.
SISTEM TUBUH MANUSIA

Atoms
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Terminology in part of bones
Elevations and projections
The attachment of tendons, ligaments, muscles
and adjacent bones articulate
Depression, grooves and tunnels
Sites the blood vessels and nerves lie alongside
or penetrate the bone
TERMINOLOGY

Plane Direction/Position
Median/midsagittal Anterior-Posterior
Sagittal Ventral-dorsal
Coronal Superior-Inferior
Frontal Cranial-Caudal
Transversal/horizontal Lateral-Medial
Proximal-Distal
Superficial-Profundus
Interna-Externa
Terms of
Relationship and
Comparison
Superficial vs. deep
Medial vs. lateral
Superior vs. inferior
Cranial vs. caudal
Anterior vs. posterior
Proximal vs. distal
Dorsal vs. palmar
Dorsal vs. plantar

Be able to use each term


in a sentence. (See figure.)

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