FAKULTAS EKONOMI

UNIVERSITAS LANCANG KUNING

PEKANBARU
Azar, Betty,S, Understanding and Using English
Grammar. 1989, USA: Prentice Hall
Mack, Angela, The Language of Business,
1975, UK: British Broadcasting Corporation.
McArthur, Tom, A Rapid Course in English for
Students of Economic, 1990, Oxford .
Mead, Richard, English for Economics. 1985,
Great Britain: Longman.
Methold,K. and J. Tadman, Office to Office:
Practical Business Communication, Longman.
Not all economic system is the same. The
economic system of the USA differs greatly
from the system of the USSR. The American
system is based on private enterprise with
private ownership of the means of
production, while Russian system is
communistic and is based upon the principle
of Karl Marx, the 19th century political
economist. The economic ideologies of these
two nations contrast very strongly.
Britain is similar to the USA. It has an
economic system based on private enterprise
and private supplies of capital, which can be
defined as surplus income available for
investment in new business activities.
Property in both the US and Britain can be
owned by individual citizens and these
citizens exercise considerable economic
freedom of choice. They can choose what
they want to do and how they want to earn
their living.
- MENT
INVEST + MENT = INVESTMENT
MANAGE +MENT = MANAGEMENT
JUDGE +MENT = JUDGEMENT

VERB + MENT = NOUN

1. Tom manages his company well.

- His management makes his

employees happy.

- His employees are happy with his

management.
2. That man invested a lot of money in
my company.

- His investment develops my

company.

- I thank him for the investment.

- IC
ECONOMY + IC = ECONOMIC
COMMUNIST + IC = COMMUNISTIC
SYSTEM + IC = SYSTEMATIC

NOUN + IC = ADJECTIVE
1. You study economy.
- You study in economic faculty.
- You talk about economic issues.

2. We apply a new system

- We apply systematic procedures.
- ION
PRODUCE + ION = PRODUCTION
SATISFY + ION = SATISFACTION
ORGANIZE + ION =ORGANIZATION

VERB + ION = NOUN

1. That company produces fresh milk.
- The production is qualified

2. We organized a charity program.

- The organization has many programs
- We establishes political organization.
- AL
PERSON + AL = PERSONAL

NATION + AL = NATIONAL
NATURE + AL = NATURAL

NOUN + AL = ADJECTIVE
1. Tom is a charismatic person.
- He keeps his personal problem.

2. We love nature
- We use natural herbals.
-TY
POSSIBLE + TY = POSSIBILITY
CERTAIN + TY = CERTAINTY
PRIOR + TY = PRIORITY

ADJECTIVE + TY = NOUN
1. We have some possible solutions.
- They offer some possiblities to us.

2. They pursue their prior goal.

- Their goal is their priority.
-URE
MIX + URE = MIXTURE
FAIL + URE = FAILURE

VERB + URE = NOUN

1. We mixed orange and carrot in our juices.
- The mixture tastes delicious.
- they tried to make the mixture.

2.Tom failed in the test.

- The failure made him sad.
- He can not accept his failure.
Fill the blanks with the provided words !

Investment economic production

Organization national priority
Mixture personal scientific
logical
1. In business, calculation is
needed to get profit.

2. To get good economic growth, we

need.. From some well-
established companies.

3. Tourism is one of programs

to get income from visitors.
4. Communistic system doesnt recognize
belonging of any individual.

5. Besides marketing, stable. of the goods

is also important to guarantee the supply.

6. Latest . Inventions play important role to

increase production.
7. Different country may apply different
systems.

8. An. requires professional persons to run its

programs well.

9. Sometimes, a country may adopt a . of

different economic and political systems.

10. To get the works done well, we have to do the

works based on .
 One use of a conjunction is to
connect words or phrases that
have the same grammatical
function in a sentence. This use
of conjunction is called Parallel
Structure. The conjunctions used
in this pattern are and, but, or,
nor.
a. Steve and his friends are coming for dinner
In (a): noun + and + noun

b. Susan raised her hand, and snapped her

finger
In (b): verb + and + verb
c. He is waving his arms, and (is) shouting at
us.
In ( c): verb + and + verb
( the second auxiliary may be
omitted if it is the same as the
first auxiliary.

d. These shoes are old but comfortable

In(d): adjective +but + adjective.
e. He wants to watch TV or ( to) listen to music
In (e): infinitive + or + infinitive
(the second to may be omitted )

f. Steve, Joe and Alice are coming to dinner

g. Susan raised her hand, snapped her finger

and asked a question
h. The colors in that fabric are red, gold, black and
green

A parallel structure may contain more than two

parts. In a series, Commas are used to separate
each unit. The final comma that precedes the
conjunction is optional but is customarily used.
( no comma is used when there are only two
parts to a parallel structure )
1. He does some business in France, Canada
and England.
2. In order to understand economics, we have
to read, discuss and do economic activities.
3. Selling, buying and negotiating are basic
economic activities
4. He presented, promoted and conducted his
program so well.
 Complete the sentences below with your
own parallel structure!

1. An economist asked some people to adopt,

use and .. his program.

2. Manufacturing, promoting and a

product are steps in trading
3. To be sold out, a product should be
qualified, cheap and
4. Pilot, nurse and . are people who provide
service.
5. To attract customers, a hotel should be
clean, comfortable and ..
6. To make our customers feel comfortable, we
have to serve them patiently, friendly and

COUNTRY LANGUAGE NATIONALITY

Indonesia Indonesian Indonesian

America English American
Malaysia Malay Malaysian
Canada English/French Canadian
Italy Italian Italian
India Indian/Urdu Indian
Egypt Egyptian Egyptian
Germany German German
Sweden Swedish Swedish
Finland Finnish Finnish
Poland Polish Polish
Spain Spanish Spaniard/Spanish
United Kingdom English British
Japan Japanese Japanese
Vietnam Vietnamese Vietnamese
China Chinese Chinese
Portugal Portuguese Portuguese
France French French
Dutch/Netherland Dutch Dutch
Greece Greek Greek
Etc
Algeria Algerian
America ( the USA ) American
Russia Russian
Australia Australian
Malaysia Malaysian
Indonesia Indonesian
India Indian
Germany German
Italy Italian
Korea Korean
Norway Norwegian
Brazil Brazilian
Belgium Belgian
Argentina Argentinian
Kenya Kenyan
Canada Canadian
Nigeria Nigerian
 Japan Japanese
China Chinese
Portugal Portuguese
Vietnam Vietnamese
Taiwan Taiwanese
Britain ( the UK ) British
Finland Finnish
Poland Polish
Sweden Swedish
Spain Spanish
Denmark Danish
Turkey Turkish
Pakistan Pakistani

Saudi Arabia Saudi ( Saudi Arabian)

France French
The Netherland Dutch
Switzerland Swiss
Greece Greek
The Philippines Philippine
Hong Kong Hong Kong
New Zealand New Zealand
Mention what nationality are the people
below ! unscramble the letters as in 1 and 2.

1. Mr and Mrs. Cobb are from WEN EAZANDI

( NEW ZEALAND)

2. Professor Nadu is NIDINA

(INDIAN)
3. Dr. Alemao is RTUGSEEOUP
.

4. Miss. Samson is from EHT SUA

5. Mr. Olsen is from MARKNDE

6. Mr. Van Rijk is DHCTU
.
7. Mr. Hajjaj is from DISAU ABIARA
.
8. Dr. Intissar is from ANTISPAK
.
9. Mr and Mrs. Lobo are TINIANENARG
.
10.Mr. Atmaca is from YEKUTR
.
1.He is British. He comes from .

2.She is Italian. She lives in

3.He comes from Sweden. He is

4They are Dutch. They come from

5.He was born in China. He is ..

6.We come from Greece. We are .

7.He is German. He was born in

8.He is Danish. He comes from .

9.Mr and Mrs. Carter come from the USA. They

are ..
10. She is Swiss. She comes from
11. He is Polish. He was born in
12. My girlfriend is .. She was born in
France.
13. He comes from India. He is ..
14. They come from Norway. They are .
15. He was born in Russia. He is .
16. She is Spanish. She comes from ..
Hajjaj : Good morning, I am Hajjaj, are
you Mr. Van Dick?
Van Dick : Yes, how do you do Mr. Hajjaj,
where are you from?
Hajjaj : How do you do, I am from
Egypt. Is it your first visit to
Greece?
Van Dick : No, I have come to Greece for
several times, I speak greek a bit
and I have ome greek friends.
Hajjaj : Oh, thats great. ....
Tomi : Excuse me, I need to go to Central cafe,
how do I go there?
Jung : Oh, you just go straight a head and you
will find it in the left side.
Tomi : Ok, Thank you, by the way, are you
Vietnamese?
Jung : No, Im Korean but I have lived in Vietname
for 2 years , and where are you from ?
Tomi : Im from Indonesia. So, You must be able to speak
Vietnamese
fluently.
Jung : Yes, of course.
Tomi : thats great, ok, I have to go now, thank you for your help
Jung : my pleasure
1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
2. SIMPLE PAST TENSE
3. PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
4. PAST CONTINOUS TENSE
5. FUTURE TENSE
6. PRESENT PERFECT
7. PAST PERFECT.
1. The company has ( build, built, building )
new factory.
2. He is ( sells, sold, selling ) his product.
3. We ( offer, offered, offering ) jewelry to that
lady last month.
4. That company ( manufactures,
manufactured, manufacturing) new product.
5. They will (negotiate,negotiated, negotiating )
the price of the house.
6. That man has ( been, are, were ) an
accountant for a year.
7. The economists ( are, were, have ) here in
last conference.
8. He ( presents, presented, presenting ) about
economic issues regularly .
9. My sister will ( is, has, be ) an accountant
next year.
10. They ( are, were, have been ) discussing
about inflation when we entered the room.
1. They sell........
2. We recruited........
3. That lady is .............. new marketing
strategy.
4. The president of that company was.......
5. The government will........
6. My manager has ........
7. I had ............ a business contract with that
millionaire.
1. Para ekonom telah mendiskusikan sistem
ekonomi yang baru.
2. Laki-laki tua itu sedang menegosiasikan
harga tanahnya.
3. Mereka menjual rumah mewah bulan yang
lalu.
4. Perusahaan itu akan membuat alat-alat berat
5. Wanita itu selalu menawarkan perhiasan
 DEGREE
OF
COMPARISON
1. POSITIVE
ASAS

a. Tina is 21 years old, Sam is also 21

Tina is as old as Sam

b. Mike came as quickly as he could

As.as is used to say that the two parts of a
comparison are equal or the same in some way.
In (a): as + adjective + as
In (b): as + adverb + as
2. COMPARATIVE
Anne is older than Bobby
Anne and Bobby are older than Charles and
Doddy
Ed is more generous than his brother

The comparative compares this/these to

that/those. Form : -er or more

NOTICE: A comparative is followed by than

3. SUPERLATIVE
A, B, C, and D are sisters. A is the oldest of all four
sisters.
A women in Turkey claims to be the oldest person in the
world
Ed is the most generous person in his family

The superlative compares one part of a whole group to all

the rest of the group form: est or most.

NOTICE: A superlative begins with the

One- syllable adjective
old older the oldest
wise wiser the wisest

For one-syllable adjectives, -er and est

are added
Two- syllable adjective

famous more famous the

most famous
polite more polite the
most polite

Busy busier the busiest

Pretty prettier the
prettiest
 Adjective with three or more
syllable
important more important the most
important

Fascinating more fascinating the most

fascinating

More and most are used with long adjectives.

Irregular adjective
good better the best
bad worse the worst

Good and bad have irregular comparative and

superlative forms.
 Fill with appropriate words using degree of
comparison !

1. When the demand is .than supply, the

price will increase.

2. On the other hand, when the demand is

..than supply, the price will decrease.
3. Studying Economics is as .. as studying
Law.

4. Capitalistic economic system is as as

communistic one.

5. Establishing a business which provides

service is the . Economic activities.
6. To start a business, Economics is the
discipline someone needs to know.

7. Selling electronic items is .. than

selling daily needs.

8. Providing goods is .than providing

services.
9. Economics is the .subject for her.

10. Capitalistic economic system applies

the.....chance for everybody to own
everything.

11. This is the ..place to build a factory.

1. Jakarta adalah kota yang paling macet di
Indonesia.
2. Untuk memulai sebuah usaha, modal sama
bergunanya dengan keahlian.
3. Di kota itu, makanan pokok merupakan
permintaan tertinggi.
4. kejujuran lebih berharga dari pada kekayaan.
5. kesehatan fisik sama pentingnya dg
kesehatan jiwa.
- Sophisticated - portable
- Qualified - cheap
- Colorful - slim
- Neat - strategic
- Peaceful - huge
* Capitalistic economic system is bad
Communistic economic system is bad

* Capitalistic economic system is bad and

communistic one is too.

* Capitalistic economic system is bad and

so is communistic one.
 He studies Economics
We study Economics

* He studies Economics and we do too

* He studies Economics and so do we

 Houses were cheap few years ago
Lands were cheap few years ago

* Houses were cheap few years ago and

lands were too.

* Houses were cheap few years ago and so

were lands.
* Some American people invested in Indonesia
Some British people invested in Indonesia

* Some American people invested in

Indonesia and some British people did
too

* Some American people invested in

Indonesia and so did British people.
 Electronic items are not cheap
Vehicles are not cheap

* Electronic items are not cheap and

vehicles are not either

* Electronic items are not cheap and

neither are vehicles.
 That company does not provide health allowance
for its employees.
This company does not provide health allowance
for its employees.
* That company does not provide health
allowance for its employees and this
company does not either
* That company does not provide health
allowance for its employees and neither
does
this company.
 So and too have the same meaning but different
usage.
So and too are used in positive sentences
Too is placed after auxiliary while so is placed before
auxiliary.
Examples: Indonesia is a republic and Singapore is
too
A king leads a country and a president
does too
From the two examples, it shows that too s placed
after the auxiliaries is and does.
Either and neither, on the other hand are used in
negative sentences.
Either and neither have the same negative meaning.
 Like too, Either is placed after the auxiliary and similar to so,
neither is placed before the auxiliary.
In using either, both sentences are in negative sentences
Example: Malaysia is not a republic, and England is not either
The negative markers is not is repeated in both
sentences.
Differently, in using neither, only one sentence is used in
negative form while the other sentence is used in positive form.
Example : Malaysia is not a republic and neither is England.
From the example, it shows that the phrase neither is England
is in positive form ( not neither is not England ).
Gabung kalimat berikut dengan too, so, atau
either, neither !

1. Social condition in Indonesia was bad

Economic condition in Indonesia was bad.

2. Indonesia will not ask for more loan to IMF

Malaysia will not ask for more loan to IMF
3. They invest in real estate
She invests in real estate

4. We havent reached welfare yet.

They havent reached welfare yet.

5. Indonesia consists of big islands

Australia consists of big islands.
1. laki-laki itu menawarkan makanan sehat
Wanita itu menawarkan makanan sehat.
2. mereka telah memasarkan produk yang
bermutu
Kami telah memasarkankan produk yang
bermutu.
3. Perusahaan A tidak membuat alat-alat berat,
Perusahaan B tidak membuat alat-alat berat
4. Mary tidak menjual produk kecantikan
Kami tidak menjual produk kecantikan

5. Obat ini harganya mahal

Obat itu harganya mahal
 Most people work to earn a living, and
produce goods and services. Goods are either
agricultural ( like maize and milk ) or
manufactured ( like cars and papers). Services
are such things as education, medicine, and
commerce. Some people provide goods;
some provide services. Other people provide
both goods and services. For example, in the
same garage, a man may buy a car or some
service which helps him to maintain his car.
a. Both my mother and my sister are here
b. Not only my mother but also my sister is here.

c. Not only my sister but also my parents are here.

d. Neither my mother nor my sister is here

e. Neither my sister nor my parents are here

Two subjects connected by bothand take a plural verb.

When two subjects are connected by not only ./ but also,

eitheror; neither nor, the subject that is closer to the
verb determines whether the verb is
f. The research project will take both time and money.

g. Yesterday, it was not only rained but also snowed.

h. Ill take either chemistry or physic next quarter.

i. That book is neither interesting nor accurate

Notice the parallel structure of the examples. The same

grammatical should follow each word of the pair.
In (f): both + noun + and + noun
In (g): not only + verb + but also+ Verb
In (h): either + noun + or + noun accurate

In (i): neither + adj + nor + adj.

Whats wrong with the following sentences ?

1. Either John will call Mary or Bob.

2. Not only Sue saw the mouse but also the cat

3. Both my mother talked to the teacher and

my father.
 He does not have a pen. He does not have
paper
He has neither a pen nor paper.

1.Ron enjoys horseback riding. Bob enjoys

horseback riding.
2. You can have tea or you can have coffee.
3. Arthur is not in class today. Ricardo is not in
class today.
4. We can fix dinner for them here, or we can
take
them to a restaurant.
5. She wants to buy a Chevrolet or she wants to
buy a Toyota.
6. The leopard faces extinction. The tiger faces
extinction.
7. The library does not have the book I need.
The bookstore does not have the book I need.
8. We could fly or we could take a train.
9. The presidents assistant will not confirm the story. The
presidents assistant will not deny the story.
10. Coal is irreplaceable natural resource. Oil is an
irreplaceable natural resource.
11. Small pox is dangerous disease. Malaria is dangerous
disease.
12. Her roommates dont know where she is. Her brother
doesnt know where she is.
13. According to the newspaper, it will snow tonight, or it
will
rain tonight.
a. Because the weather was cold, we stayed home
b. Because of the cold weather. We stayed home.
c. Due to the cold weather, we stayed home
d. Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we
stayed home
e. We stayed home because of the cold weather.
We stayed home due to the cold weather
We stayed home due to the fact that the weather
was cold.
 Because introduces as adverb;

It is followed by a subject and Because of and Due to

are prepositions; they are followed by a noun object.

Sometimes, usually in more formal writing, due to is

followed by a noun clause introduced by the fact that

Like adverb clauses, these phrases can also follow

the main clause, as in (e).
 The seller sells expensive goods because the
capital is high
The seller sells expensive goods because of
the high capital
Many people like to shop with credit card due to the
fact that it is efficient.
Many people like to shop with credit card due to its
efficiency
 Using the ideas in parentheses, complete the
sentences!

1. ( My parents are generous ). Because of my

parents generosity all of the children in our family
have received the
best of everything.

2. ( The traffic was heavy ). We were late to the meeting

due to .

3. ( Bills wife is ill ). Bill has to do all of the cooking

and cleaning because of
4. ( Dr. Robinson has done excellent research
on wolves ) Due to we know
much about endangered species.

5. ( It was noisy in the next apartment ) I

couldnt get to sleep last night because of
.
 Rewrite the following sentences by using due
to or because of !

1. Indonesia needs good government. because

it will improve the countrys bad condition.

2. Flood occurs everywhere because many

people practice Illegal logging.
3. Many people suffer because there are
corruptions

4.A country must have constitution because it

is capable to limit the power of the leaders

5.We need rule because it is able to control

public safety
1, Banyak orang menyukai Mary karena ia
ramah.
2. Kita bisa membedakan produk ini karena
perbedaannya besar.
3. Jean membeli rumah itu bulan yang lalu
karena arsitekturnya unik.
4. Handphone itu mahal karena ia berkualitas.
5. Kami menyukai jus apel karena rasanya
enak.
 Jane is American but she has lived in Britain for
three years.
When she first drove a car in Britain, she found it
very difficult because
she had to drive on the left instead of on the
right. Driving on the left was strange and difficult
for her because she wasnt used to it.
She wasnt used to driving on the left.
Now, after three years, driving on the left is no
problem for her.
She is used to driving on the left.
 Im used to something = it is not new or strange for
me.

Notice that we say She is used to driving on the

left. ( not, she is used to drive) to in be/get
used to is a preposition, not a part of the infinitive.

Frank is used to living alone ( not is used to live )

Dont confuse I am used to doing ( be/get used to )

with I used to do. They are different in structure and
in meaning.
 I am used to doing something = something
isnt strange for me.

I used to do something = I did

something regularly in the past.
 Examples:
I am used to the weather in this country.
I am used to driving on the left because
Ive
lived in Britain for 3 years..

These days I usually stay in bed until

late. But
when I had a job, I used to get up
early.
 People used to send money via money order.

Now, people are used to sending money via

ATM
Now people get used to sending money via
ATM
Read these situations and write a sentence with
be/get used to

Example: Frank lives alone. He doesnt mind this.

He has
always lived alone. ( he/ used / live /
alone )
he is used to loving alone..

1. Ron sleeps on the floor. He doesnt mind this.

He has always slept on the floor.
(he/used/sleep/on the floor ). He
2. Sue moved from a big house to a much
smaller one. What did she have to get used
to? ( she had/ used / live/ in a smaller house
) She had .

3.Jack once went to the Middle East. It was too

hot for him. ( he/not/used/ the heat )
.
4.Bill doesnt have any money. He doesnt find
this unusual because he has never had any
money. (he/used/have/no money
).

5. Tom is going to live in your country. What

will he have to get used to ( write your
own answer ) hell have to .
Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or
infinitive
( I am used to doing or I used to do )

Examples: -Jane had to get used to driving on

the
left ( drive ).

- Bill used to be very fit.

Now, hes in terrible condition ( be
).
1. When I was a child, I used to .
swimming every day ( go )

2. It took me a long time to get used to .

Glasses ( wear ).

3. There used to .a cinema on this corner

but it was knocked down. ( be )
4. Im the boss. Im not used to . Told what
to do. ( be ).

5. Youll have to get used to . less if you

want to lose weight. ( eat ).

6. I used to .. Ann but now she gets on my

nerve. (like ).
7. Ron got tired very quickly. He wasnt used to
so fast. ( run ).

8. Tom used to a lot of coffee when he

was a student. ( drink ).
When I was a student, I used to wear uniform
to school every day. At that time I had a
regular schedule. The school started at 7 and
ended at 1 in the afternoon.

Now, I study in university. I get used to

wearing free costumes, I am not used to
wearing uniform anymore. I am also used to
having irregular time schedule for my class.
People used to always shop in a market or in
other shopping centers. In this case, buying
and selling are done directly in which the
sellers and buyers meet face to face. Anyway,
now, people get used to shopping online. The
sellers only need to promote their products
on internet and the buyers send their order/s
via internet. In this case, they dont have to
meet face to face.
 Inflation : a decrease in the purchasing power
of money.

*Interest : the cost of borrowed money

Deposit : a part payment of money, made in

advance so that the seller will not sell the
goods to anyone else.
 Heavy demand: many people want (it)

Bank draft: a written order by one bank to

another to pay certain sum of
money to someone.

In due course: without too much delay

 Invoice : a bill for goods received ( or sold )

Overcharge: an excess amount of money

charged for goods.

Discrepancies: errors, differences ( between

items, amounts, etc)

Overdue : left unpaid too long

Lapse : come to an end
 Chartered accountant: an accountant who has
passed all of the official examinations
and has full professional recognition.

Probationary period: a fixed period of time for

testing a persons character, ability,
etc , in order to decide whether s/he
is suitable for a position or job.
1. The man complained with the inappropriate
numbers of goods he ordered. The .....
made him upset.
2. The shop assistant checked all..... To
complete his report.
3. When he was ..... for his heavy luggages, the
man got angry.
4. Government should overcome the ......
because it makes a lot of people suffer.
5. He didnt want to save his money in a bank
because he didnt want to get.......
6. When her ....... was over, she was so happy
to be the staff in that company.
7. He was fined for the ..... of the goods he
bought last year.
8. Being a ..... Tom is always busy because
many people hire him
9. That well-established company is trusted by
the bank because it is always ....... With its
loan.
10. This product is sold out, the .... is due to
its practical use.
 In states which have a communistic system,
private property and private enterprise are
reduced to a minimum. They exist, but they
are limited to a small area of economy. Karl
Marx conceived of a world in which there
would be no private property whatsoever.
Communism in theory states that all property
should belong to the state. In practice,
however, the citizens like the USSR are
permitted to have personal effects.
1. Simple present tense
The demands influence the prices
The prices are influenced by the demands.

2. Simple past tense

Indonesia faced economic crisis in 1990s
in 1990s, economic crisis was faced by
Ind.
3. Present progressive tense
Indonesia is facing economical crisis
economic crisis is being faced by Indonesia

4. Past progressive tense

Tsunami was killing thousands of people in
2004

In 2004, thousands of people were being

killed by Tsunami.
5. Future tense
*scientific development will support
economic growth

*economic growth will be supported by

scientific development
6. Present perfect tense
* Indonesia has faced economic crisis for
more then ten years

* Economic crisis has been faced by

Indonesia more than ten years
7. Past perfect tense
* Mr. Smith had sold his company in 2000

* His company had been sold by Mr. Smith

in 2000
 Ubah kalimat berikut menjadi kalimat pasif !
1. Consumers buy the same products regularly.
2. They bought some goods with registered
brands.
3. Consumers will also pay attention to the
package of the products.
4. They have compared one product from
another
5. she is noticing the label and instruction in
the bottle.
 Ubah kalimat berikut menjadi kalimat aktif !
1. The charts are being made by the economist
2. Goods and service were provided in that
store.
3. A lot of money is spent for clothing by that
lady.
4. Travelling business will be set up by that
man.
5. A lot of money has also been spent for food
by human beings.
1. Perusahaan itu membuat susu bayi
2. Pemerintah membebani pajak kepada rakyat
3. Bank konvensional telah menaikkan suku
bunga
4. Mereka menarik deposito mereka di bank
tadi pagi
5. Harga barang yang tinggi memberatkan
masyarakat
 We need food, clothes, and shelter. We
probably would not go to work if we could
satisfy these basic needs without working.
But even when we have satisfied such basic
needs, we may still want other things. Our
lives would be more enjoyable if we had such
things as phone cell, cars and big house.
 MEANING OF THE VERB FORM IN THE VERB FORM IN THE
IF CLAUSE IF CLAUSE RESULT CLAUSE
(a)If I have enough time, I
write to my parents ever
weeks.
(b)If I have enough time
True in the present Simple present tomorrow, I will write to
/future Simple present Simple future my parents
( c ) If I had enough
time now, I would
Simple past Would + simple write to my parents.(in
form truth, I do not have
Untrue in the enough time, so I will
present / future not write to them.)
(d) If I had had
enough time, I would
Past perfect Would have + have written to my
past participle parents yesterday. ( In
truth, I did not have
enough time, so I did
Untrue in the past not write to them.)
 If I am a millionaire, I will travel all around
the world.

She will set up a business company, if she

gets the soft loan from the bank.

If I become a famous economist, Ill help the

government to overcome economic crisis.
 Cocokkan kalimat A dan B !
A
1. If you graduate from this university
2. If I invest my money in car business
3. If they save their money in the bank
4. We will work part-time,
5. The company will hire some new employees,
 B
a. If it gets the contracts
b. Where will you work ?
c. They will get interest
d. I will get good profit.
e. If our schedule is not too tight.
 Lengkapi dengan kalimat sendiri !
1. If I were an owner of a big company,
2. Indonesia would have solved the economic
crisis, if
3. Investors will be reluctant to invest in
Indonesia, if..
4. If the government could overcome the flood,

5. The students will like statistics, if .
1. Jika pemerintah segera mengatasi kondisi
ekonomi, banyak rakyat akan hidup layak.
2. Jika Tom menjual sahamnya di perusahaan
itu setahun yang lalu, Tom akan membeli
perusahaan yang baru.
3. Kami akan menjadi ahli ekonomi, jika kami
belajar dengan serius.
4. Jika kondisi ekonomi di negeri ini baik, kita
akan hidup sejahtera,
Indias economy
Indias economy caused panicky. A wave of cheap
goods from China is said to be coursing through
Indian markets, depressing industrialists and
worrying the government. They are bracing
themselves for another flood when India
removes the last quantitative restrictions on
imports ( mostly of consumers and agricultural
products ). Agriculture, the source of livelihood
for most of Indian people is expected to perform
indifferently after a spotty monsoon.
Amit Mitra, a secretary-general of the
federation of the Indian chambers of
commerce and industry pints to six burdens
that weigh more heavily on Indian companies
than on their competitors: the cost of power
which is two to three times higher than
elsewhere, the cost of borrowing, corruption,
onerous sales and local taxes, slow and
expensive transport, and inflexible labor
markets.
The evidence of economic slowdown is
unmistakable. Americas growth fell to an
annual rate of 2.4 %, its lowest for four years.
Unemployment insurance claims- often the
first harbingers. Durable goods order fell by
5.6 %. Company inventories have risen
strongly in the past year. Corporate profits
are being squeezed by a combination of
higher oil prices and slowing sales.
Unlike Brazil, Turkeys currency is not chronically
overvalued. And until the past few months, the
country has been making considerable economic
progress. For the first time, inflation has fallen
below 40 %, according to figures released last
week, economic growth has picked up and public
debt is falling. Turkey was not chronically
mismanaged economy in which the government
persistently failed to push through reform.
Instead it was doing fairly well.
Every month, the economist surveys a group of
economic forecasters and calculates the average
of their predictions for economic growth,
inflation and current-account balances for 15
countries and for the euro area. This month, the
forecasters have cut their estimate for growth in
2001 for both America ( 3.0 %) and the euro area
( 2.9%). After a year in which the euro area has
trailed America, the growth gap is thus expected
to be negligible. Forecasts for growth in the
following year have been trimmed in 11
countries. The biggest reductions have been
made for the Unites States, Japan, Canada and
Italy.