CARNOT CYCLE

Last lecture we discussed about

Kelvin-Planck statement
Clausius statement
Equivalence between both the statement.
Revesersibility

Today we will discuss about

Carnot Cycle

2
REVERSIBLE PROCESSES

1.Isobaric (P = const)
2.Isothermal (PV = const)
3.Adiabatic (PVg = const)
4.Isochoric (V = const)

3
CARNOT CYCLE

1. ab isothermal expansion
2. bc adiabatic expansion
3. cd isothermal compression
4. da adiabatic compression

Idealized thermodynamic cycle consisting of four reversible

processes (working fluid can be any substance):
The four steps for a Carnot Heat Engine are:
Reversible isothermal expansion (TH= constant)
Reversible adiabatic expansion (Q = 0, THTL)
Reversible isothermal compression (TL=constant)
Reversible adiabatic compression (Q=0, TLTH)
4
(contd)
Work done by the gas = PdV, i.e. area
under the process curve 1-2-3.
1 dV>0 from 1-2-3
2 PdV>0

Work done on gas = PdV, area under the

process curve 3-4-1
subtract
1
Net work 1 Since dV<0
2 PdV<0

2
4 3 3

5
 CARNOT EFFICIENCY
1 to 2, isothermal expansion, U12 = 0
QH = Q12 = W12 = PdV = mRTHln(V2/V1) (1)
2 to 3, adiabatic expansion, Q23 = 0
(TL/TH) = (V2/V3)k-1 (2)
3 to 4, isothermal compression, U34 = 0
QL = Q34 = W34 = - mRTLln(V4/V3) (3)
4 to 1, adiabatic compression, Q41 = 0
(TL/TH) = (V1/V4)k-1 (4)

From (2) & (4): (V2/V3) = (V1/V4) (V2/V1) = (V3/V4)

Since ln(V2/V1) = - ln(V4/V3); substituting for ln(V4/V3) in (1)
(QL/QH )= (TL/TH)
Hence: th = 1-(QL/QH )= 1-(TL/TH)

6
CARNOT THEOREM
Carnot theorem states that -
No engine operating between two reservoirs can be more
efficient than a Carnot engine operating between the same
two reservoirs.
Every Carnot engine between a pair of heat reservoirs is
equally efficient, regardless of the working substance
employed or the operation details.