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Test design
Measurement system and Procedures
Uncertainty Analysis
Purpose
Examine the surface pressure distribution and wake
velocity profile on a Clark-Y airfoil
Compute the lift and drag forces acting on the airfoil
Specify the flow Reynolds number
Compare the results with benchmark data
Uncertainty analysis for
Pressure coefficient
Lift coefficient
Test Design
Instrumentation
Protractor angle of attack Digital
i/o
A/D
Boards
Serial
Comm.
(COM1)
ports
Pressure
Input
Scanivalve Digital
Voltimeter
Airfoil Model
Bundle of
tubes
AOA, and Pressure taps positions
Data reduction
In this experiment, the lift
force, L on the Airfoil will
be determined by
integration of the
measured pressure
distribution over the
Airfoils surface. The
figure shows a typical
pressure distribution on
an Airfoil and its
projection .
Data reduction pi p
Cp
1
rU 2
2
Calculation of lift force
The lift force L is determined by integration of the
measured pressure distribution over the airfoils
surface. 2 pstagnation p
U
It is expressed in a dimensionless form by the r
pressure coefficient Cp where, pi = surface pressure
measured, = P pressure in the free-stream
The lift force is also measured using the load cell and
data acquisition system directly. 2L
CL
rU 2 bc
U = free-stream velocity, r = air density
(temperature),
pstagnation = stagnation pressure measured at the tip of
the pitot tube, L = Lift force, b = airfoil span, c = L p p sin ds
airfoil chord s
p p sin ds
CL s
1
rU 2 c
2
Data reduction
The drag force, D on the
Airfoil will be determined
by integration of the
momentum loss found by
measuring the axial
velocity profile in the
wake of the Airfoil. The
figure shows how the wake
of the airfoil affects the
velocity profile.
Data reduction
Calculation of drag force
The lift force D is determined by integration of the
momentum loss found from the velocity profile
measurement. 2 pstagnation( y) p
u( y)
The velocity profile u(y) is approximated by r
measuring ui at predefined locations
The drag force is also measured using the load cell yU
and data acquisition system directly. D r u ( y )U u ( y ) dy
yL
U = free-stream velocity, r = air density
(temperature),
pstagnation = stagnation pressure measured at the tip of 2D
the pitot tube, D = Lift force, b = airfoil span, c = CD
airfoil chord rU 2 bc
y
2 U
CD 2 ui U ui dy
U c yL
Calibration of load cell
mass (kg) Volts
0 -0.021
0.295 -0.1525
0.415 -0.203
0.765 -0.3565
1.31 -0.5935
1.635 -0.7385
Program output
Calibration program
Data needed:
Airfoil pressure visualization
Observation point list
Sampling Rate
Settling Time
Length of each Sample
Angle of attack
Calculation of lift force
C p f ( pi p , r , U ) Cl f ( pi p , i , r , U , c)
2
U Cp BCp
2
PCp2 2
U CL BCL
2
PCL2
j
B B
j
B i2 Bi2 (2pi p ) B(2pi p )
2 2 2 2 2
Cp i i ( pi p ) B
( pi p )
2
CL
i 1
i 1
C p 2
p _ p
i
pi p rU 2 PCL 2SCL M
PCp 2S Cp M
Benchmark data
Streamlines
ePIV-Post Processing
Contour of
velocity
magnitude
Velocity
vectors
Streamlines
ePIV Post Processing continued
Flow conditions
Re 1000 Wall
AoA = 16
PIV setting
Brightness = 35
Exposure = 100 Airfoil
Gain = 100 Wake
Flow
Frames = 9
Window size = 30
Shift size = 15
PIV pairs = 9 Wall
ePIV Analysis
Flow features
Optical hindrance
Stagnation points