SUMMER INTERNSHIP

ON
BASICS OF WELL LOGGING, WELL
LOG OPERATIONS
&
INTERPRETATION-
ONGC MEHSANA ASSET
By- Antaryami Singh Goondi (R770213001) &
Yashpal Malik (R770213020)
M. Tech - Petroleum Exploration (2013-15)
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies,
Dehradun, Uttrakhand
 Topics dealt with-
Introduction To Well Logging
Open Hole Logging
Cased Hole And Production Logging
Log Interpretation (Case Study)
Retrieval of LWD tool using String Shot Operation
(Case Study)
 Define Well Logging-
Well logging is a continuous record of
geophysical parameters of the formation
encountered in the borehole with depth. Wire-
line logs are obtained by down hole logging
tools lowered into the wells by means of a cable.
Measurements are transmitted up the cable to a
recording unit mounted on a logging truck. The
value of the measurement is plotted
continuously against depth of the well
A Schematic . .
 Importance of well logs-
It helps in understanding lithology, mineralogy
and measure permeability porosity & water
saturation, which ultimately gives hydrocarbon
saturation.
 Types of Well Logging-
Depending upon the condition of bore hole the logging operation are classified as:

Open Hole Logging: Process of Log acquisition just after drilling and before
putting steel casing into the bore hole.

Cased Hole Logging: Any log data acquisition activity carried out after steel
casing has been lowered into the bore hole.

Perforation: This is also a cased hole activity which basically does not
involve data acquisition but an engineering process for
establishing communication of the hydrocarbon
reservoirs with the bore hole by making holes into steel
casing and cement behind casing and further into the
rock formation to carry hydrocarbons to the surface.

Production Logging: Any operation carried out in cased hole while the well is
under dynamic production or induction condition. This is
basically to diagnose the production problems and
monitoring layer wise contribution under in-situ
conditions in production as well as injection wells.
 Open Hole Logging
Caliper Log
Spontaneous Potential Log
Natural Gamma Ray/ Spectral Gamma Ray Log
Resistivity Logs
Porosity Logs
Neutron Log
Density Log
Sonic Log (Acoustic Log)
 Cased Hole Logging
Casing Collar Locator (CCL) Tool
Gamma Ray Tool
Cement Bond Log Evaluation
Variable Density Log
Perforation

Hollow Steal Carrier Gun Dynastar Strip guns for TTP

can be reused
Production Logging
 MIT-Multifinger Imaging tool
Operation:

The tool is run in the hole. Once at the bottom, the fingers are
motored open. The spring loaded, hardened tip fingers push against
the internal dimensions of the casing or tubing with low force. As
the tool is logged up the well, the movement of each finger is
transferred to a position sensor. The output of the position sensor is
then digitized for recording into memory or transmission to the
surface. Data from each finger is monitored independently. At the
end of the run, the fingers are motored closed for pulling out of the
hole or for repeat logging. The tool contains an inclinometer to
denote the high side and well deviation. The temperature of the
electronics is monitored for software correction of sensor drift.
 Purpose of MIT
Purpose:
The MIT system is used to generate information about the
internal surface of the well tubing. Typical applications
include:
Corrosion assessment
Casing wear
Casing deformation
Drill string damage
Perforation mapping
Well construction determination
Qualification of scale build-up and corrosion
Accurate location of holes and anomalies
MIT- Multifinger Imaging tool-output

Reduced ID

Increased ID
CASE STUDIES
 RETRIEVAL OF STUCK LWD TOOL
Pipe recovery operations are used in drilling
operations in the oil and gas industry, where the
drill string can become stuck down hole
Stuck pipe prevents the drilling rig from
continuing operations
Pipe recovery is the process by which the location
of the stuck pipe is identified, and the free pipe is
separated from the stuck pipe
This allows fishing tools to subsequently be run
down hole to latch onto and remove the stuck
pipe
 What is this Case Study about?
This case study summarizes the string shot operation to retrieve
the Logging while drilling (LWD) tool in well A.
Logging while drilling (LWD) tools are very costly, and arranged
sensors in heavy steel carrier.
LWD Tools run in well with drill pipes the Bottom Hole Assembly
or BHA (as shown in Fig.).
The sensors are arranged so that they can make relatively
unimpeded measurements of the formation.
The electronics and batteries are housed so that drilling fluid
can flow at high flow rates through the tool.
This case study summarizes the string shot operation
performed in well no. A in ONGC Mehsana field. This operation
is carried out to retrieve the stuck BHA and LWD tool.
 What happened to the BHA?!

Well A is an inclined well and is drilled in three stages by different

contractors. The details of the drilling contractors, measured depth
and inclination details are given below:-

S. Drilling Measured Depth Inclination

No. Contractor (m) (deg)
1. Contractor X 0 750 0 - 30

2. Contractor Y 750 -1100 30 -60

3. Contractor Z 1100-1267 60 -82

 Well Details-
The kick of point of well A starts at the depth of 398mm
with inclination of 2.13 degrees with respect to vertical.
The drilling operation by Contractor Z was going as per the
plan and was going to achieve the desired depth on 6th
June.
The tool and BHA got stuck in the formation during drilling
operation on mid of 7th June. It was pulled back for 6-7
meters to retrieve the tool and BHA and tool got stuck in
the formation.
The retrieval process went up to the evening of 9th June,
2014, which was unsuccessful and after which the top
management decided to plug and abandon the well and
also decided to re-drill the well from another location.
 Causes of stuck BHA could be:
The three major causes of stuck pipe could have been
cutting and caving, keyseats and differential sticking.
1. Cutting & Caving: -
Cuttings and cavings build up in the annulus when mud
and hydraulics fail to keep the hole clean.
It was observed that-> The drill string was not able to
move up or down, and circulation was restricted or
absent.
Further due to the presence of the shale section, the
formation reacted with water based drilling fluid and
swelled, causing the formation to collapse, resulting in
the tool to get stuck.
1. Cuttings and Cavings:
2. Key Seating
Keyseating takes place when rotation of
the drillpipe wears a groove into the
borehole wall.
When the drillstring is tripped, the
bottomhole assembly (BHA) or larger-
diameter tool joints are pulled into the
keyseat and become jammed.
A keyseat may also form at the casing
shoe if a groove is worn in the casing or
the casing shoe splits.
This problem normally occurs
at abrupt changes in inclination or
azimuth,
while pulling out of the hole and after
sustained periods of drilling between
wiper trips
Key seating
The rig was able to move the drill
string freely downhole, but it was
observed that, every time the drill
string was pulled upward it became
stuck at the same point, hence it was
likely that the pipe was caught in a
key seat
It could have occurred in this case, as
centralizer which was supposed to be
used after every three drill pipes was
used after eight drill pipes
This was due to cost cutting and time
saving
This also could be one of the causes
for the drill pipe to have become
eccentric and get stuck in the
wellbore, and the pipe collars
become caught on a deviation in the
wellbore
3. Differential Sticking
Differential sticking presents a
common problem downhole.
It happens when the drillstring is
held against the wellbore by
hydrostatic overbalance between
the wellbore pressure and the pore
pressure of a permeable formation.
This problem occurs most
commonly when a stationary or
slow-moving drillstring contacts a
permeable formation, and where a
thick filtercake is present.
Depleted reservoirs are the primary
culprit for differential sticking.
 Freeing Stuck Pipe
Before freeing a stuck pipe, the drilling crew
must provide the weight of all drill pipes, and
reverse torque to loosen the free BHA. Once it is
done half of the job is done and remaining by
string shot job or by fishing operation
Initially Fishing operation was carried out to try
and retrieve the tool- but the drill string kept
breaking at different depths..
Finally when fishing operation failed to retrieve
the BHA-> String Shot operation was thought off
 What is a string shot operation?
String shot operation generates a sudden
vibration in the drill pipe so that it loosens up
and can be easily retrieved. It generates a
sudden vibration by using RDX Explosive. RDX
Explosive winded on a one meter steel rod to
provide large energy to struck drill pipe.
 The Procedure:-
The string-shot back-off procedure applies left-hand torque to
the stuck pipe string. The string shot is then positioned at the
predetermined pipe joint and detonated.
The explosion produces a similar effect as an intense hammer
blow and allows the joint to be unscrewed at the proper
connection.
Several factors such as pipe size, weight and condition, back-
off depth, mud or borehole uid weight and well temperature
are carefully considered when making up the proper string-
shot assembly
 The end result
In our case we required 9 rotations of reverse
torque to open the joint at 12 meters above
the BHA. But the rig floor was not able to
provide even a single round of torque due to
slippage. . .
Nothing worked and the tool could not be
retrieved
Hence, The management of ONGC decided to
plug and abandon the well
 Conclusion
From the above case study we conclude that the
stuck pipe can be avoided by monitoring early
warning signs and following actions: -
Increase in torque and drag
Excessive cuttings loading
Tight spots while tripping
Loss of circulation while drilling
 CASE STUDY - 2

Well Log Interpretation

- Qualitative Interpretation
- Quantitative Interpretation
 Qualitative Interpretation
Qualitative Interpretation: - to identify the potential hydrocarbon zone
i.e. read the logs to identify the reservoir from non reservoir which
means it gives the hint about the wet zone & potential zone.
Table: Log Response in hydrocarbon and water bearing intervals
Logs used Hydrocarbon bearing zone Water bearing zone
SP The SP deflection is reduced The SP deflection is increased
GR In reservoir(clean) GR have low reading In reservoir(clean) GR have low reading

Sonic log Its gives high porosity value than actual Its give true porosity value
Density log GAS bearing zones- Bulk density too low, density porosity too Its give true porosity value in liquid filled
high but in oil it has little effect on density porosity value. formation.

Neutron log In gas, give low value because less concentration of water but in Its gives true porosity value.
oil it has little effect on porosity value.

Neutron In gas, both are crossover to each other. The separation both of The separation of N-D log in presence of oil and
density them is high than oil in log. water zone nearby equal.

Resistivity Its reads high value in hydrocarbon zone It has reads low value in this zone
 Qualitative Interpretation
Qualitative Interpretation: - to identify potential hydrocarbon bearing zone
by calculating porosity, true resistivity and then converting the log data
into estimated quantities of oil, gas and water in the mentioned
formation. The basic steps required for quantitative interpretation of logs
is given below; -
Identification of boundaries of reservoir.
To obtain information on lithology of formation
Estimation of shale volume
Determine the resistivity of water saturation (Rw)
Estimation of effective porosity
Estimation of water saturation
 According to Indian lithology and formation, the most suitable equations for the calculation of
Water Saturation Sw are Archies and Indonesians. These equations give us the most
approximation value of water saturation. These equations are given below:

Archies equation is given by:

(For Clean Zone where we are considering only fluids in the formation)

Indonesian Equation in terms of Resistivity is:

(For Shaly zone This equation is inclusive of both Archies equation and shale volume)

m
1 (Vsh) d
2 n
S w2
Rt Rsh aRw


 Calculation for V shale
V Shale by Gamma Ray Log

V Shale by combination of Neutron and Density log

Using N-D: Vshale = (n - d) for oil or water

-------------------------
(n shale d shale)

Note:
n - from neutron log d that is->
The Well Log
Calculation for Sw by using Archie equation and Indonesian equation and comparison
n
Depth (m) Constant vlaues for sand stone (%) from neutron Rt shale (ohm Sw (%)
GR by b Min of V(shale eff Rw Rt shale
Rt Rt log D Vshale GR Vshale ND m2/m) from
S. No. gamma (g/cc) by GR) & V(shale (%) (ohm m2/m) (ohm (Rw x a)
(ohmm2/m) (ohmm2/m) (%) calculated calculated resistivity logs,
ray log Lime Sand density log ND) calculated constant m2/m)
Top Bottom a m n max in zone Archie Indonesian
Stone Stone

1 1026 1042 0.62 2.15 2 100 10 45 33.00% 36.00% 2.15 30% 0.0625 0.25066667 0.0625 30% 0.31 4 2 0.438406 16% 15%

2 1050 1054 0.62 2.15 2 200 14.14213562 60 26.00% 29.00% 2.175 29% 0.3488 0.00736842 0 19% 0.31 5 2.23606798 0.438406 18% 18%

3 1055 1059 0.62 2.15 2 50 7.071067812 50 27.00% 30.0% 2.2 27% 0.1163 0.09473684 0.094736842 25% 0.31 5 2.23606798 0.438406 28% 26%

4 1061 1067 0.62 2.15 2 70 8.366600265 65 30.00% 33.00% 2.175 29% 0.5000 0.34405941 0.344059406 15% 0.31 6 2.44948974 0.438406 39% 25%

5 1072 1074 0.62 2.15 2 35 5.916079783 50 33.00% 36.00% 2.15 30% 0.1111 0.46534653 0.111111111 28% 0.31 6 2.44948974 0.438406 29% 26%

Note: -

1 D =(matrix - log)/(matrix - fluid)

Porosity matrix 2.65 for sand stone
calculated by log or b 2.15 from log ( Average value of the density log in selected zone)
density log fluid 1 for water

2 Vshale GR (cc) ={GR (log) - GR (min)} / {GR (max) - GR (min)}

Zone 1 2 3 4 5
GR log 45 60 50 65 50 ( Average value of GR in the selected zone)
GR min 40 45 45 40 45 ( Minimum value of GR in the selected zone)
GR Max 120 88 88 90 90 ( Maximum value of GR of shale near to the selected zone)

3 Vshale ND (cc) ={phi (N) -phi (D)}/{phi (Nshale) - phi (D shale)}

phi = 1 2 3 4 5
By combination of phi(N) 36% 29% 30% 33% 36% ( Average value of Neutron porosity log in the selected zone)
Neutron and phi(D) 30% 29% 27% 29% 30% ( Average value of Density log in the selected zone)
Density log phi(N shale) 50% 50% 50% 38% 38% (Max Value of neutron porosity log near to selected shale in neutron porosity zone)
phi(D shale) 27% 21% 21% 26% 26%

phi (D shale) 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.225 2.225 (Value of density log of selected shale area in GR max)
27% 21% 21% 26% 26%

4 e ffe c tive 1 2 3 4 5
Used in 0.29548822 0.192038 0.24668389 0.154848485 0.284047886
Indonesian
Equation

5 R (tshale) 1 2 3 4 5
4 5 5 6 6
 Conclusion
Based on manual and computer aided
processing hydrocarbon zones have been
successfully identified in the well A. In Well A,
hydrocarbon bearing intervals are X+3 to
X+5m, X+5.5 to X+7.5 m, X+8.5 to X+11 m ,
X+12 to X+14 m , X+15.5 to X+117 m, X+17 to
X+19 m.
Thank You