Tissue

Tissues: are groups of similar cells and

extracellular products that carry out a common
function

There are 4 main types of tissues

* Epithelial tissue
* connective tissue
* Muscles tissue
* nervous tissue
 Epithelial Tissue:
- lines every body surface
- forms the most internal and external lining
of organs
- constitutes the majority
- composed of one layer or more layers of
closely packed cells that forms a barrier
between compartments
- little or no extracellular matrix
- no blood vessels
Characteristics of epithelial tissues:
* composed entirely cells bound closely
together
* apical surface : free on the top
* basal surface is fixed to basement
membrane
* lack of blood vessels
* some epithelial tissues are well innervated
detects changes in the environment for
homeostasis
* High regeneration capacity- there is
continuous replacement
Functions of epithelial tissues:
* protection
* regulation of materials in and out of a organ
* produce secretions
- exocrine glands secrets through
ducts- pancreatic duct
- endocrine glands secrets into
interstitial fluids and blood stream
- hormones
*
Types of epithelial tissue
1) simple squamous single layer of flattened
cells inside of blood
vessels/capillaries
2) simple cuboidal single layer of cube shape
- wall of duct, kidney tubules
- transports secretion to other
parts
3) simple columnar single layer of cylindrical cells
lines stomach walls
4) stratified squamous- multiple layer - skin
 Cytoplasm

Cell

Basal
membrane
 Glandular epithelium
- consists of closely packed cells that
manufacture and secrete products.
- They a referred to as glands
- Exocrine empty their products into ducts
- salivary gland, sweat gland
- Endocrine glands secrete their products
into extracellilar space. The blood stream
transports the products ( pituitary & thyroid gland)
Connective tissue
Function of connective tissue:
* protection
* support
* structural framework
* Binding tendon and ligament
 Connective tissues has three main protein
fibers:

Collagen fiber strong and stretch resistant

Elastic fiber - flexible
Reticular fiber- flexible and interwoven
Connective tissue
- most diverse, abundant, widely distributed
- designed to support, protect, and bind
organs and structures
- basic components of connective tissue:

* cells
* protein fibers
* ground substance
 Connective tissue
Fibers
1) collagen fiber - 1
2) elastic fiber 2
3) Reticular fiber -3
Connective Tissue

Loose Dense
Fibers are not abundant Fibers are abundant
All three fiber are present fibers are parallel
Other cells are found fibers are not
parallel
Cartilage : chondrocytes forms harder &
solid structure
Fibers very dense called matrix
solid structure and firm matrix
There are 3 types of cartilages
(Hyaline ,Elastic (ear) &
fibrocartilage
 Hyaline Cartilage matrix with ground substances
collagenous fibers
between end
 Elastic Cartilage:
- elastic fibers and by ground substances
- ear, nose
 Fibrocartilage:
- Matrix is dominated by collagenous
fiber ( strong and flexible)
- Has thick substances
Adipose tissue
- Part of Loose connective tissue

Fat cell: adipocytes used for energy

- insulation
-padding for between bones
Fat used for energy
insulation
padding for between bones
BONES
Bone
The cell oesteocyte maintains a hard matrix
composed of mineral salts and collagen fibers
- this composition gives the structural framework

Compact bone forms the dense part of the

bone gives structural framework
spongy bone forms the interior framework that
houses blood forming tissues
 Blood- plasma, RBC,WBC & Platelets
Muscle
Muscle tissue
- responds to stimulation
- shortens / contracts
- produces voluntary and involuntary
movements
- Types of muscle tissues:
1) skeletal tissue
2) cardiac tissue - heart
3) smooth tissue - intestine
Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle
Nerve tissue

well developed properties of conductivity and

excitability
contains two types of cells
- neurons and neuroglia
- neurons conduct electrochemical
signals and neuroglia supports and
maintain the neurons
Membranes
- contains connective tissues
- line organs, divides organs / cavities and
anchors organs
Types of membranes:
1) cutaneous membrane (skin)-few layers
2) serous membrane lines and covers
the internal surface heart , lungs
epithelial tissues secrets for lubrication
3) mucous membrane digestive tract
lungs , urinary bladder secretes
mucus