AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND

DEMODULATION
AM FROM
SANJAY
SHARMA
 Amplitude Modulation is characterized by the fact
the fact that amplitude A of the carrier:-

A cos( wc t c )
Is varied in proportion to the baseband signal m(t), the
modulating signal. The frequency
and the phase are constant. Let us assume that the
phase angle is zero.
If the carrier amplitude is made directly proportional
to the modulating signal m(t), then the modulated signal
is:

Now : m(t) M(w)

Figure 4.1: DSB-SC modulation and demodulation.

 AM- DEMODULATION
The DSB-SC demodulation translates or shifts the frequency

spectrum to the left and right by wc and +wc .

If the signal is shifted left and right by wc and multiplied by

half, we can obtain the desired modulating signal(or

baseband signal) centered at 2 w
c
The latter can be suppressed by a low pass filter. The

demodulation process consists of :-

 AM using Envelope Detection
Problem:- For DSB-SC modulation, a receiver must
generate a carrier in frequency & phase synchronism,
with the carrier at the transmitter that may be
located hundred or thousands of miles away. But, that
is too costly. A solution to this would be using AM
using Envelope Detection.
Solution:- Transmit a carrier A coswc t, so that there
is no need to generate a carrier at the receiver.
Transmit the carrier together with the modulated
signal.

Figure 4.8 AM signal and its envelope.

 The condition for envelope detection is:-
A + m(t)>=0(1)
If m(t)>=0, for all t then A=0; In this case, there is no need to add any carrier
because the envelope of DSB-SC signal is m(t)coswc t is m(t), and hence a DSB-SC
signal can be detected by envelope detection.
Let mp be the peak amplitude of m(t). So:
A>= mp
So modulation index = mp/ A.
Because A>= mp, so it follows that, 0<=<=1;
When A< mp, >1.
Numerical Section:-
Sideband and Carrier Power of a signal:-
AM(t)= A cos wct+ m(t) cos wct
Carrier power Pc = A2/2; PS=1/2M2(T);
Power efficiency =

Pc
Pc Ps
 Generation of AM Signals

Demodulation of AM Signals:- There are 2 ways of demodulation: -

Rectifier Detector: If an AM signal, is applied to a diode, and a
resistor circuit, the negative part of the AM wave will be suppressed.
Figure 4.10 Rectifier detector for AM.
Figure 4.11 Envelope detector for AM.
QAM (QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION)
Question - How to get m2(t) ??? Apply sin2 formula.
Figure 4.13 SSB spectra from suppressing one DSB sideband.
Derivation of SSB-SC Modulation:-

Figure 4.15 Expressing SSB spectra in terms of M+(f ) and M(f ).

Figure 4.14 Transfer function of an ideal /2 phase shifter (Hilbert transformer).
 Two ways of generating SSB
1. Selective Filtering Method :-
2.Phase-Sifting Method:-For this method, refer to
Equation 4.17*********done earlier.
Demodulation of SSB Signals
For Students ..

Short Notes Section:-

A. Diff. Types of Modulators

B. VCO & PLL
SUMS ON POWER BASED ON MODULATION
** For the sums refer to Schaums series book.