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ARPIT HALANI
Introduction
An impression is a negative likeness or copy in reverse
of the surface of an object; an imprint of the teeth and
adjacent structures for use in dentistry.
Indirect reconstruction
fixed
removable
Bite registration
1940s: American dentists had used the Plaster of Paris for impression and the technique
was presented to the profession at large by Chapin Harris in 1953.
1925: Alphous Poller of Vienna was granted a British Patent for a totally different
type of impression material which was later described by Skinner as
Colloidal sols of emulsoid type. The possibility of using colloidal substance for dental
impressions became apparent when Pollers Negacoll was modified and introduced
into the dental profession as Dentacol in 1928. Agar hydrocolloid was introduced
to the dental profession.
1950s: Rubber base impression materials were developed to mimic natural rubber w
hen it became difficult to obtain during World War II.
o Polysulfides were the first elastomeric impression materials to be introduced
in mid 1950s.
o Condensation silicones were the first viable silicones to be introduced in
dentistry.
1960s: Polyether impression material was developed in Germany in the mid 1960s.
plastic
Alginate hydrocolloid
Impression plaster
ZnO - Eugenol
Agar
Aqueous
Hydrocolloids Alginate
Elastic/
Polysulfide
Non Rigid Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether
Mucocompressive:
Impression compound
Putty elastomers.
Positive for
HIV antibody
Bacterial
contamination
PRELIMNARY IMPRESSION
MATERIALS
Impression Compound
Impression Compound
Also called as Modeling
Plastic
Thermoplastic impression
material
PROPERTIES
Less reproduction
Low sag resistance
of detail
High coefficient of
thermal expansion
(0.3%) 20
Thermal Conductivity:
LOW:
During softening, outside layer softens first and inside last.
To ensure uniform softening, material should be kneaded
properly.
Impression should be withdrawn from mouth only after its
hardened throughout.
Thermal Contraction:
HIGH:
Linear contraction on cooling from mouth to room
temperature at 250 C (770 F): 0.3 -0.4%
Volume expansion over same temperature range :1.38-
2.29%
Types:
Type Flow at Use
37C
45C
According to ADA
Type I
Specification
Less than More than No. 3
Preliminary impressions of
Impression 6% 85% edentulous patients.
Peripheral seal materials.
compound Impression of single crowns for
copper band impressions.
To check undercuts in inlay
preparation
Reproduction of detail:
Surface reproduction of detail is low because of its high viscosity
and low flow.
Because of the mucocompressive technique used, the tissues are
recorded in a distorted state.
Manipulation
Prolonged immersion
Leaching of low molecular weight
ingredients
24
Impression Plaster
Impression Plaster
Impression Plaster was the first gypsum product
to be used in dentistry.
It is manufactured by grinding the gypsum rock to
a fine powder and then heating the powder in an
open air container. This direct and rapid heating in
open air drives apart water of crystallization from
the crystal.
The resulting powder consists of porous, irregular
particles. Plaster is the weakest and most
inexpensive of all gypsum product. 26
Impression Plaster:
ADA specification 23
Type I ( hemihydrate of gypsum)
Setting reaction
CaSO4. 1/2H2O + 11/2 H2O CaSO4.2 H2O + Energy
(hemihydrate) (dihydrate)
After the cast has hardened, the impression and cast are
immersed in hot water, thus facilitating rapid removal of
impression from the cast model.
Very accurate impression due to:
Initial fluidity of material allowing to record soft
tissues in uncompressed state.
Compresses tissues.
In very wet mouth, surface of plaster tends to be
washed away spoiling the surface details.
Exothermic setting reaction.
Separating media used may obliterate some
details.
Cannot be removed from undercuts without
breaking.
Agar
Aqueous (reversible)
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)
Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether
Colloids are classified as the fourth state of matter , they lie between
The size of the particles larger than solutions & range from 1 to 200nm.
The colloidal materials that are dissolved in water are termed
hydrocolloids
If the change of sol to gel is thermal and reversible - reversible
hydrocolloid (agar)
material
1. Only one model can be
2. Good elastic properties, Good
recovery from distortion
used
3. Can be re-used as a 2. Extensive and
duplicating material expensive equipment
4. Long working time and low required
material cost 3. It can not be
Disadvantages:
5.No mixing technique electroplated
6. High accuracy and fine detail 4. Impossible to sterilize
recording for reuse
5. Low dimensional
stability & tear resistance
Uses of Agar:
For full
Widely used
mouth
at present for
impression
cast
without deep
duplication
undercuts
Indications
study models
removable fixed partial dentures
framework
Examples
Jeltrate (Dentsply/Caulk)
Coe Alginate (GC America)
Inexpensive
Easy to use
Hydrophilic
displace moisture, blood,
fluids
Stock trays
Minimum requirement of
equipment.
Accuracy if properly
handled.
Gives good surface detail. Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996
Agar
Aqueous (reversible)
Hydrocolloids
Alginate (irreversible)
Elastic
Polysulfide
Condensation
Non-aqueous
Silicones
Elastomers
Addition
Polyether
Maximum
Maximum Maximum
Each type is further divided into
permanent flowfour
in viscosity classes;
dimensional
compression change
Deformation in 24 hrs
Type I 2.5 0.5 -0.5
Type II 2.5 0.5 -1.
III.According to Viscosity
Type III 5.5 2.0 -0.5
1) Light body or syringe consistency
2) Medium or regular body
3) Heavy body or tray consistency
4) Very heavy body or putty consistency.
Polysulfide
First dental elastomers
Mercapton or Thiokol
Indications
complete denture
removable fixed partial denture
tissue
crown and bridge
Examples
Permlastic (Kerr)
Omni-Flex (GC America)
Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996
Condensation silicone
impression materials
Indications
complete dentures
crown and bridge
Examples
Speedex
(Coltene/Whaledent)
Primasil (TISS Dental)
Mix thoroughly
paste - paste
paste - liquid
Putty-wash technique
reduces effect of polymerization shrinkage
stock tray
putty placed
thin plastic sheet spacer
preliminary impression
intraoral custom tray
inject wash material
Adequate working and Adequate accuracy of the
setting time poured impression
Pleasant odor and no Poor dimensional stability
staining Potential for significant
Adequate tear strength distortion
Better elastic properties on Putty wash is technique
removal sensitive
Less distortion on removal Slightly more expensive
Addition reaction silicone
(vinyl poly silicone) impression
material
AKA: Vinyl polysiloxane
Indications
crown and bridge
denture
bite registration
Examples
Extrude (Kerr)
Express (3M/ESPE)
Aquasil (Dentsply Caulk)
Genie (Sultan Chemists)
Virtual (Ivoclar Vivadent)
Advantages
Highly accurate
High dimensional stability
pour up to one week
Stock or custom trays
Multiple casts
Easy to mix
Pleasant odor
Expensive
Sulfur inhibits set
latex gloves
ferric and Al sulfate
retraction solution
Pumice teeth before
impressing
Short working time
Lower tear strength
Possible hydrogen gas release
bubbles on die
palladium added to absorb
Manikos Aust Dent J 1998
Polyether
Impression Material
Indications
crown and bridge
bite registration
Examples
Impregum F (3M/ESPE)
Permadyne (3M/ESPE)
Pentamix (3M/ESPE)
P2 (Heraeus Kulzer)
Polygel (Dentsply Caulk)
Phillips Science of Dental Materials 1996
Elastic recovery:
No impression material has 100% elastic recovery.
Dimensional stability:
This property, coupled with excellent dimensional stability, makes polyvinyl
impression material , the most accurate material for second pour.
Condensation silicone : Produces ethyl alcohol as a by product of the setting
reaction.
Rigidity:
Polyether impression materials tend to be more rigid than the other materials.
PVS materials are reasonably stiff, but fracture of the dies are uncommon.
Reversible hydrocolloid is the least rigid of all impression materials and may be
the material of choice in making impressions of periodontally compromised teeth.
Workability:
Automix devices, electronic mixing devices, and simpler mixing guns
provide a standardized mix with:
o Fewer inherent porosities.
o Increased working time.
o An economic savings due to less waste of material.
Regularly-Used Impression
Materials*
Civilian Practitioners
Alginate 88%
Polyvinyl Siloxane 85%
Polyether 27%
Other 6%
65
Summary
Study models
Alginate most widely used
inexpensive
displaces moisture
lower detail reproduction
dimensionally unstable
IMPRESSION
WAXES
.
Thermoplastic
Rigid
Reversible
Corrective Impression
Wax
Used as wax veneer over an original
impression to register the details of soft
tissues.