Chapter 1

The Nature of Probability

and Statistics

WCB/McGraw-Hill TheMcGraw-Hill
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Companies,Inc.,
Inc.,2000
1998
Objectives
Discuss concept of summation
Demonstrate knowledge of all
statistical terms.
Differentiate between the two
branches of statistics.
Identify types of data/variables.
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Why students
study
STATISTICS?
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Why students study Statistics?

To be able to understand
the various statistical
studies performed in
their fields.

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Why students study Statistics?

To be able to design
experiments; collect,
organize, analyze and
summarize data for future
use.
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Why students study Statistics?

To be able to use the knowledge

gained from studying statistics
to become better consumers
and citizens.

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Applications
Attendance and grades
Heights of tall building
Minimum wage
Job aptitude test
Unemployment rates
Cell phone usage

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Applications
Internet connections
Car thefts in large cities
Meat production
Bank failures
Distribution of assets
Price of cigarettes

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Applications
Customer purchases
Cereal calories
Hours spent jogging
Airline departures
Brands of toothpaste carried
Delivery charges

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Applications
Automobile efficiency
Recreational expenditures
Police calls in school
Cost of car rentals
Net worth of corporation
Travel allowance

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Some Applications
of Statistics
at MCL

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Students Evaluation

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Pass- Fail Summary Report

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Table of Specification

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Table of Specification

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Introduction
Statistics consists of conducting
studies to collect, organize,
summarize, analyze, and draw
conclusions.

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 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics

Data are the values

(measurements or observations)
that the variables can assume.
Variables whose values are
determined by chance are called
random variables.

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 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics

A collection of data values forms

a data set.
Each value in the data set is
called a data value or a datum.

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Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics

Descriptive statistics consists of

the collection, organization,
summation, and presentation of
data.

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 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics

A population consists of all

subjects (human or otherwise) that
are being studied.
A sample is a subgroup of the
population.

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 Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics

Inferential statistics consists of

generalizing from samples to
populations, performing
hypothesis testing, determining
relationships among variables, and
making predictions.

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 PSA (Philippine Statistics Authority)
is the primary statistical arm of the Philippine
government

SWS ( Social Weather Station)

is a public-opinion polling body in the

Philippines. It basically conducts social surveys

based on research and educational activities.

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 Variables and Types of Data

Qualitative variables are variables

that can be placed into distinct
categories, according to some
characteristic or attribute. For
example, gender (male or female).

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 Variables and Types of Data

Quantitative variables are

numerical in nature and can be
ordered or ranked. Example: age
is numerical and the values can be
ranked.

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 Classify each variable as qualitative or
quantitative

1) Number of bicycles sold in 1 year by a sporting goods

store
2) Colors of baseball caps in a store.
3) Time as it takes to cut a lawn.
4) Capacity in cubic feet of six truck beds.
5) Classification of children in a day-care center (infant,
toddler, preschool)
6) Weights of fish caught in Pampanga
7) Marital status of faculty members in MCL.
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 Classifications of Quantitative Data

Discrete variables assume values

that can be counted.
Continuous variables can assume
all values between any two specific
values. They are obtained by
measuring.

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 Classify each variable as discrete or
continuous
1) Number of doughnuts sold each day
2) Water temperature of six swimming pools
3) Weights of cats in a pet shelter
4) Lifetime of 12 flashlight batteries
5) Number of cheeseburgers sold each day
6) Number DVDs rented each day
7) Capacity of six containers in Coca Cola
company
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 Variables and Types of Data

The nominal level of measurement

classifies data into mutually
exclusive (nonoverlapping),
exhausting categories in which no
order or ranking can be imposed on
the data.

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 Measurement Scale

The ordinal level of measurement

classifies data into categories that
can be ranked; precise differences
between the ranks do not exist.

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 Measurement Scale

The interval level of measurement

ranks data; precise differences
between units of measure do exist;
there is no meaningful zero.

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 Measurement Scale

The ratio level of measurement

possesses all the characteristics of
interval measurement, and there
exists a true zero. In addition, true
ratios exist for the same variable.

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 Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques
Data can be collected in a variety of ways.
One of the most common methods is
through the use of surveys.
Surveys can be done by using a variety of
methods - Examples are telephone, mail
questionnaires, personal interviews,
surveying records and direct
observations.

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 Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques

To obtain samples that are unbiased,

statisticians use four methods of
sampling.
Random samples are selected by
using chance methods or random
numbers.

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 Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques

Systematic samples are obtained by

numbering each value in the
population and then selecting the kth
value.

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 Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques

Stratified samples are selected by

dividing the population into groups
(strata) according to some
characteristic and then taking
samples from each group.

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 Data Collection and Sampling
Techniques

Cluster samples are selected by

dividing the population into groups
and then taking samples of the
groups.

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