Telecommunication Systems

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Course Code : ISE301
Course title : Telecommunication Systems
Credit Hours : 3
Semester : Fall 2009
Instructor : Prof. Dr. Tayfun AKGL
Course Page : http://atlas.cc.itu.edu.tr/~akgultay/
Refernece Book : A. B. Carlson, P.B. Crilly, J.C.
Rutledge, Communication Systems, McGraw-Hill,
4th Edition, 2002.
 Syllabus - I
Introduction to Signals
General Topics in Communications and Modulation
Spectral Analysis
Fourier Series
Fourier Transform
Frequency Domain Representation of Finite Energy
Signals and Periodic Signals
Signal Energy and Energy Spectral Density
Signal Power and Power Spectral Density
Signal Transmission through a Linear System
Convolution Integral and Transfer Function
Ideal and Practical Filters
Signal Distortion over a Communication Channel
 Syllabus - II
Amplitude (Linear) Modulation (AM)
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)
Single Side Band (SSB)
Vestigial Side Band (VSB)
AM Modulator and Demodulator Circuits
AM transmitter block diagram
Angle (Exponential) Modulation
Phase Modulation (PM)
Frequency Modulation (FM)
Modulation Index
Spectrum of FM Signals
Relationship between PM and FM
FM Modulator and Demodulator Circuits
FM Transmitter Block Diagram
FM Receiver
 Outline
Signals and Systems What is a communications
Signals and Systems system?
What is a signal? Block Diagram
Signal Basics Why go to higher frequencies?
Analog / Digital Signals Telecommunication
Real vs Complex Wireless Communication
Periodic vs. Aperiodic Another Classification of
Bounded vs. Unbounded Signals (Waveforms)
Causal vs. Noncausal Power, Distortion, Noise
Even vs. Odd Shannon Capacity
Power vs. Energy How transmissions flow over
media
Coaxial Cable
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Glass Media
Wireless
Connectors
The Bands
 Signal and System
Signals are variables that carry information
System is an assemblage of entities/objects, real or abstract,
comprising a whole with each every component/element
interacting or related to another one.
Systems process input signals to produce output signals

Examples
i. Motion, sound, picture, video, traffic light
ii. Natural system (ecosystem), human-made system
(machines, computer storage system), abstract system
(traffic, computer programs), descriptive system (plans)
 Signal Examples
Electrical signals --- voltages and currents in a
circuit
Acoustic signals --- audio or speech signals
(analog or digital)
Video signals --- intensity variations in an image
(e.g. a CAT scan)
Biological signals --- sequence of bases in a
gene
Noise: unwanted signal
:
 Measuring Signals

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

Amplitude
0
1 22 43 64 85 106 127 148 169 190 211 232 253 274 295 316 337 358 379 400 421 442 463 484 505 526 547 568 589 610 631 652 673 694 715

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

Period
 Definitions
Voltage the force which moves an electrical current
against resistance

Waveform the shape of the signal (previous slide is a

sine wave) derived from its amplitude and frequency
over a fixed time (other waveform is the square wave)

Amplitude the maximum value of a signal, measured

from its average state

Frequency (pitch) the number of cycles produced in a

second Hertz (Hz). Relate this to the speed of a
processor eg 1.4GigaHertz or 1.4 billion cycles per
second
 Signal Basics
Continuous time (CT) and discrete time (DT) signals
CT signals take on real or complex values as a function of an independent
variable that ranges over the real numbers and are denoted as x(t).

DT signals take on real or complex values as a function of an independent

variable that ranges over the integers and are denoted as x[n].

Note the subtle use of parentheses and square brackets to distinguish between
CT and DT signals.
 Analog Signals
Human Voice best example
Ear recognises sounds 20KHz or less
AM Radio 535KHz to 1605KHz
FM Radio 88MHz to 108MHz
 Digital signals
Represented by Square Wave
All data represented by binary values
Single Binary Digit Bit
Transmission of contiguous group of bits is a bit
stream
Not all decimal values can be represented by
binary
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
 Analogue vs. Digital
Analogue Advantages
Best suited for audio and video
Consume less bandwidth
Available world wide
Less susceptible to noise

Digital Advantages
Best for computer data
Can be easily compressed
Can be encrypted
Equipment is more common and less expensive
Can provide better clarity
 Analog or Digital
Analog Message: continuous in amplitude and over
time
AM, FM for voice sound
Traditional TV for analog video
First generation cellular phone (analog mode)
Record player
Digital message: 0 or 1, or discrete value
VCD, DVD
2G/3G cellular phone
Data on your disk
Your grade
Digital age: why digital communication will prevail
 A/D and D/A
Analog to Digital conversion; Digital to
Analog conversion
Gateway from the communication device to the
channel
Nyquist Sampling theorem
From time domain: If the highest frequency in the
signal is B Hz, the signal can be reconstructed
from its samples, taken at a rate not less than 2B
samples per second
 A/D and D/A
Quantization
From amplitude domain
N bit quantization, L intervals L=2N
Usually 8 to 16 bits
Error Performance: Signal to noise ratio
 Real vs. Complex
Q. Why do we deal with complex signals?
A. They are often analytically simpler to deal with than real signals,
especially in digital communications.
 Periodic vs. Aperiodic Signals
Periodic signals have the property that x(t + T) = x(t) for all t.
The smallest value of T that satisfies the definition is called the
period.
Shown below are an aperiodic signal (left) and a periodic signal
(right).
 Causal vs. Non-causal
A causal signal is zero for t < 0 and an non-causal signal is zero
for t > 0

Right- and left-sided signals

A right-sided signal is zero for t < T and a left-sided signal is zero
for t > T where T can be positive or negative.
 Bounded vs. Unbounded
Every system is bounded, but meaningful signal is always
bounded
 Even vs. Odd
Even signals xe(t) and odd signals xo(t) are defined as
xe(t) = xe(t) and xo(t) = xo(t).
Any signal is a sum of unique odd and even signals. Using
x(t) = xe(t)+xo(t) and x(t) = xe(t) xo(t), yields
xe(t) =0.5(x(t)+x(t)) and xo(t) =0.5(x(t) x(t)).
 Signal Properties: Terminology
Waveform
Time-average operator
Periodicity
DC value
Power
RMS Value
Normalized Power
Normalized Energy
 Power and Energy Signals

Power Signal Energy Signal

Infinite duration Finite duration
Normalized power Normalized energy
is finite and non- is finite and non-
zero zero
Normalized energy Normalized power
averaged over averaged over
infinite time is infinite time is zero
infinite Physically
Mathematically realizable
tractable
Although real signals are energy signals, we
analyze them pretending they are power signals!
 The Decibel (dB)
Measure of power transfer

1 dB = 10 log10 (Pout / Pin)

1 dBm = 10 log10 (P / 10-3) where P is in Watts

1 dBmV = 20 log10 (V / 10-3) where V is in Volts

Communication System

A B
Engineering System

Social System

Genetic System

History and fact of communication

 What is a communications
system?
Communications Systems: Systems
designed to transmit and receive
information

Info Comm Info

Source System Sink
 Block Diagram
Info
Source

m(t)
n(t)
message
noise
from
source

Transmitter Receiver
Channel
Tx s(t) r(t) Rx
transmitted received
signal signal m~ (t )
received
message
to
sink Info
Sink
 Telecommunication
Telegraph
Fixed line telephone
Cable
Wired networks
Internet
Fiber communications
Communication bus inside computers to
communicate between CPU and memory
Wireless Comm Evolution:
UMTS (3G)

http://www.3g-generation.com/
http://www.nttdocomo.com/reports/010902_ir_presentation_january.pdf
Wireless Communications
Satellite
TV
Cordless phone
Cellular phone
Wireless LAN, WIFI
Wireless MAN, WIMAX
Bluetooth
Ultra Wide Band
Wireless Laser
Microwave
GPS
Ad hoc/Sensor Networks
 Comm. Sys. Bock Diagram

Noise

m(t) Tx Channel Rx ~ (t )
m
s(t) r(t)
Baseband Baseband
Bandpass
Signal Signal
Low Frequencies Signal
<20 kHz High Frequencies
Original data rate >300 kHz
Transmission data rate
Demodulation
Modulation or
Detection

Formal definitions will be provided later

 Aside: Why go to higher
frequencies?
Half-wave dipole antenna
c=fl
c = 3E+08 ms-1
l/2
Tx
Calculate l for

f = 5 kHz

f = 300 kHz

There are also other reasons for going from baseband to bandpass
Another Classification of Signals
(Waveforms)
Deterministic Signals: Can be modeled as a
completely specified function of time

Random or Stochastic Signals: Cannot be

completely specified as a function of time; must be
modeled probabilistically

What type of signals are information bearing?

 Power, Distortion, Noise
Transmit power
Constrained by device, battery, health issue, etc.
Channel responses to different frequency and different time
Satellite: almost flat over frequency, change slightly over time
Cable or line: response very different over frequency, change
slightly over time.
Fiber: perfect
Wireless: worst. Multipath reflection causes fluctuation in
frequency response. Doppler shift causes fluctuation over time
Noise and interference
AWGN: Additive White Gaussian noise
Interferences: power line, microwave, other users (CDMA
phone)
 Shannon Capacity
Shannon Theory
It establishes that given a noisy channel with information
capacity C and information transmitted at a rate R, then if
R<C, there exists a coding technique which allows the
probability of error at the receiver to be made arbitrarily
small. This means that theoretically, it is possible to
transmit information without error up to a limit, C.
The converse is also important. If R>C, the probability of
error at the receiver increases without bound as the rate is
increased. So no useful information can be transmitted
beyond the channel capacity. The theorem does not
address the rare situation in which rate and capacity are
equal.
Shannon Capacity C B log 2 (1 SNR) bit / s
 How transmissions flow over
media
Simplex only in one direction
Half-Duplex Travels in either direction,
but not both directions at the same time
Full-Duplex can travel in either direction
simultaneously
 Coaxial Cable

First type of networking

media used
Available in different
types (RG-6 Cable TV,
RG58/U Thin Ethernet,
RG8 Thick Ethernet
Largely replaced by
twisted pair for networks
 Unshielded Twisted Pair
Advantages
Inexpensive
Easy to terminate
Widely used, tested
Supports many
network types

Disadvantages
Susceptible to interference
Prone to damage during
installation
Distance limitations not
understood or followed
 Glass Media
Core of silica, extruded glass or plastic
Single-mode is 0.06 of a micron in diameter
Multimode = 0.5 microns
Cladding can be Kevlar, fibreglass or even steel
Outer coating made from fire-proof plastic

Advantages Disadvantages
Can be installed over long Most expensive media to
distances purchase and install
Provides large amounts of Rigorous guidelines for
bandwidth installation
Not susceptible to EMI RFI
Can not be easily tapped (secure)
Wireless
 Wireless (2)

Radio transmits at 10KHz to 1KHz

Microwaves transmit at 1GHz to 500GHz
Infrared transmits at 500GHz to 1THz
Radio transmission may include:
Narrow band
High-powered
Frequency hopping spread spectrum (the hop is
controlled by accurate timing)
Direct-sequence-modulation spread spectrum (uses
multiple frequencies at the same time, transmitting
data in chips at high speed)
 Connectors

Fibre Optic

RJ45

Token Ring

Thicknet
T-Piece
 The Bands
3KHz 30KHz 300KHz 3MHz 30MHz300MHz 3GHz 30GHz 300GHz 3THz

Submillimeter
Far

Range
ELF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF Infra-
Red

Radio Optical
300mm 1500nm

1PetaHz 1ExaHz
O Y G B I V
Near R r e r n i
a l l d o
Infra- e n l
e
u i l Ultraviolet X-Ray
g o e g e
Red d e w n e o t

700nm 600nm 500nm 400nm