PIC MICROCONTROLLER

Rodolfo Rodriguez
Kevin Zhang
MJ Gellada

1
 Overview
Microcontroller and Architecture Basics
Variants among families
ISA
Programming overview
Hardware interface/Developmental boards

2
 Description
PIC Peripheral Interface Controller
Made by Microchip Technology
Most popular by industry developers and
hobbyists
Low cost (cents to dollars)
Availability
Extensive application notes
Serial programming

3
 v
http://www.microchip.com/stellent/images/mchpsiteimages/en537986.jpg
4
 8-bit Core Architecture
Harvard (separate code
and data space)
RISC
One accumulator
W Register
Small addressable data
space (256 bytes)
Banking
http://www.microchip.com/_images/BaselineArch_large.jpg
RAM
PC, special purpose registers

5
 Advantages & Limitations to 8-bit Architecture
Small ISA to learn
Built in oscillator with selectable speeds
Development made easy
Inexpensive
Device variants
Wide range of interfaces (I2C, SPI, etc.)

One accumulator
Bank switching
Hardware call stack unaddressable (no multi-tasking)

6
 16-bit and 32-bit Architecture
More working registers
No bank switching
Assignable interrupt vector table
More flash memory
Cache (32-bit architecture)

7
 Application Notes
Very extensive
16758 items
Description of
documentation
PDF documentation
Source code

http://www.microchip.com/TechDoc.aspx?type=appnotes
http://www.microchip.com/TechDoc.aspx?type=appnotes

8
 Baseline Mid-Range Enhanced Mid-Range PIC18 Architecture
Architecture Architecture Architecture

Pin Count 6-40 8-64 8-64 18-100

Interrupts No Single interrupt Single interrupt Multiple interrupt capability
capability capability with with hardware context save
hardware context save
Performance 5 MIPS 5 MIPS 8 MIPS Up to 16 MIPS
Instructions 33, 12-bit 35, 14-bit 49, 14-bit 83, 16-bit
Program Up to 3 KB Up to 14 KB Up to 28 KB Up to 128 KB
Memory
Data Memory Up to 138 Bytes Up to 368 Bytes Up to 1.5 KB Up to 4 KB
Features Comparator In addition to In addition to In addition to
8-bit ADC Baseline: Mid-Range: Enhanced Mid-Range:
Data Memory SPI/IC Multiple 8x8 Hardware Multiplier
Internal UART Communication CAN
Oscillator PWMs Peripherals CTMU
LCD Linear USB
10-bit ADC Programming Ethernet
Op Amp Space 12-bit ADC
PWMs with
Independent Time
Base

Families PIC10, PIC12, PIC16 PIC12, PIC16 PIC12FXXX, PIC16F1XX PIC18

8-bit architecture
 INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION

PIC16 ISA:
Data Transfer Instructions

MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w

MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f

MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f

35 Instructions, 14-bit
SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)

Arithmetic-logic Instructions

ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W

ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d

SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W

SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d

ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W

Data Transfer Instructions ANDWF f,d

ANDWF f,d
Logical AND with W with f

Logical AND with W with f

W AND f -> d

W AND f -> d

SA
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W

IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d

INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W

XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d

6I
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f

MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f

RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit

MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f

C1
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit

COMF f,d Complement f f -> d

MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d

Bit-oriented Instructions
BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions

CLRW Clear W 0 -> W Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if

PI
BTFSC f,b Skip if f(b) = 0
clear.

CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f BTFSS f,b

Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
set.
Skip if f(b) = 1

f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),

SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f
Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if
DECFSZ f,d f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
clear.

(7:4)
INCFSZ f,d Increment f. Skip the following instruction if set. f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0

W: Working register(Accumulator)
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC

CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC

RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC

RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC

RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE

Registers: Memory locations

Other instructions

NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE

CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD

SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD

 INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION

Data Transfer Instructions

MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w

MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f

MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W

Arithmetic-logic Instructions (partial)

CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f

SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)

Arithmetic-logic Instructions

Add W and
ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W

ADDLW k W+k -> W ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d

constant SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W

SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d

ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W

ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d

INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d

SA
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W

IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d

DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W

XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d

6I
Rotate left f through INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f

RLF f,d
CARRY bit
DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f

RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit

C1
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit

Rotate right f COMF f,d Complement f f -> d

RRF f,d
through CARRY bit
Bit-oriented Instructions
BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)
BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)
Program Control Instructions

Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if

PI
BTFSC f,b Skip if f(b) = 0

COMF f,d Complement f f -> d clear.

Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if

BTFSS f,b Skip if f(b) = 1
set.

Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if

DECFSZ f,d f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
clear.

SUBLW, SUBWF INCFSZ f,d Increment f. Skip the following instruction if set. f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0

ANDLW, ANDWF GOTO k

CALL k
Go to address

Call subroutine
k -> PC

PC -> TOS, k -> PC

IORLW, IORWF RETURN

RETLW k
Return from subroutine

Return with constant in W

TOS -> PC

k -> W, TOS -> PC

XORLW, XORWF RETFIE

Other instructions

NOP
Return from interrupt

No operation
TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE

TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE

CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD

SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD

 INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION

Data Transfer Instructions

Program Control Instructions MOVLW k

MOVWF f
MOVF f,d
Move constant to W

Move W to f
Move f to d
k -> w

W -> f
f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f

SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)

Arithmetic-logic Instructions

Test bit b of f. Skip ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W

BTFSC f,b the following Skip if f(b) = 0

ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d

SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W

instruction if clear. SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d

ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W

Test bit b of f. Skip ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d

BTFSS f,b the following Skip if f(b) = 1 ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d

SA
instruction if set.
IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W

IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d

Decrement f. Skip XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W

DECFSZ f,d the following f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1 XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d

6I
instruction if clear. INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f

DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f

Increment f. Skip RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit

INCFSZ f,d the following f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0

C1
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit

instruction if set. COMF f,d

Bit-oriented Instructions
Complement f f -> d

BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)

BSF f,b Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)

GOTO k Go to address k -> PC Program Control Instructions

Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if

PI
BTFSC f,b Skip if f(b) = 0
clear.

CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC

Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
BTFSS f,b Skip if f(b) = 1

Return from
set.

RETURN TOS -> PC

subroutine DECFSZ f,d
Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if
clear.
f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1

Return with
RETLW k k -> W, TOS -> PC INCFSZ f,d Increment f. Skip the following instruction if set. f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0

constant in W
GOTO k Go to address k -> PC

Return from TOS -> PC, 1 ->

RETFIE
CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC

interrupt GIE RETURN

RETLW k
Return from subroutine

Return with constant in W

TOS -> PC

k -> W, TOS -> PC

RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE

Other instructions

NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE

CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD

SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD

 INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION OPERATION

Data Transfer Instructions

MOVLW k Move constant to W k -> w

MOVWF f Move W to f W -> f

MOVF f,d Move f to d f -> d
CLRW Clear W 0 -> W
CLRF f Clear f 0 -> f

SWAPF f,d Swap nibbles in f f(7:4),(3:0) -> f(3:0),(7:4)

Arithmetic-logic Instructions

ADDLW k Add W and constant W+k -> W

ADDWF f,d Add W and f W+f -> d

SUBLW k Subtract W from constant k-W -> W

Bit-oriented Instructions
SUBWF f,d Subtract W from f f-W -> d

ANDLW k Logical AND with W with constant W AND k -> W

BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)

ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d

ANDWF f,d Logical AND with W with f W AND f -> d

SA
BSF f,b Set bit b in f 1 -> f(b) IORLW k Logical OR with W with constant W OR k -> W

IORWF f,d Logical OR with W with f W OR f -> d

XORWF f,d Logical exclusive OR with W with constant W XOR k -> W

XORLW k Logical exclusive OR with W with f W XOR f -> d

6I
INCF f,d Increment f by 1 f+1 -> f

DECF f,d Decrement f by 1 f-1 -> f

RLF f,d Rotate left f through CARRY bit

Other instructions

C1
RRF f,d Rotate right f through CARRY bit

COMF f,d Complement f f -> d

TOS -> PC, 1 -> Bit-oriented Instructions

NOP No operation BCF f,b Clear bit b in f 0 -> f(b)

GIE BSF f,b

Program Control Instructions
Clear bit b in f 1 -> f(b)

Clear watchdog 0 -> WDT, 1 -> Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if

PI
BTFSC f,b Skip if f(b) = 0
clear.

CLRWDT
timer TO, 1 -> PD BTFSS f,b
Test bit b of f. Skip the following instruction if
Skip if f(b) = 1
set.

Go into sleep 0 -> WDT, 1 ->

SLEEP
mode TO, 0 -> PD
Decrement f. Skip the following instruction if
DECFSZ f,d f-1 -> d skip if Z = 1
clear.

INCFSZ f,d Increment f. Skip the following instruction if set. f+1 -> d skip if Z = 0

GOTO k Go to address k -> PC

CALL k Call subroutine PC -> TOS, k -> PC

RETURN Return from subroutine TOS -> PC

RETLW k Return with constant in W k -> W, TOS -> PC

RETFIE Return from interrupt TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE

Other instructions

NOP No operation TOS -> PC, 1 -> GIE

CLRWDT Clear watchdog timer 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 1 -> PD

SLEEP Go into sleep mode 0 -> WDT, 1 -> TO, 0 -> PD

 PIC 16F887 layout
Analog I/O
PORTA

I2C

UART

http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-worl
d-of-microcontrollers/
14
 Programming a PIC
Microchip provides the free MPLAB:
Assembler and linker
Application development
Hardware emulation
Debugging
C or assembly compatible
http://www.microchip.com/pagehandler/e
Compiler n-us/family/mplabx/

Can be C-based or Basic

A free one is the CCS C Compiler for PIC12/24/26/18 (not
compatible with all PICS) or the HI-TECH PICC-Lit

15
 Programming Tools
Basic based environments
are available, but dont
offer the functionality of C
Third party IDEs might be
preferred due to an
enhanced software library
or debugging tools

http://www.microchip.com/stellent/idcplg?IdcService=SS_GET_PAGE&nodeId=1406&d
DocName=en019469&part=SW007002

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 Device Programmer
Need device to store machine code
into PICs memory (EEPROM or Flash)
Can be external device, but ICSP is
easier:
Dont have to remove chip from its circuit
Provides interface between computer
(USB) and PIC
Specific to circuit (due to interconnect
scheme and surrounding circuit)
Communication protocol requires 5
signals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller

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 Device Programmer

Five Signals:
Vpp (programming voltage)
Vdd (power)
Vss (ground)
IC SPCLK (clock)
IC SPDAT (data)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller
18
 Necessary Connections (PIC16F877A)
PIC can be bread-boarded, with the following
important connections:
Power
Ground
Reset signal
Crystal (oscillator)

http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-world-of-microcontr
ollers/

19
 LED example: code
//LED example program written for
//PIC programming tutorial. From //(http://
seniord.ece.iastate.edu/dec0604/index_files/tutorialDec0604.pdf)
//standard include files
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <pic.h>
#include delay.h
//main function
void main()
{
PORTA = 0x00; //set RA0-RA5 low
TRISA = 0x00; //set PORTA to output
//superloop
while(1)
{
PORTA = ~PORTA;
DelayMs(250);
}
}

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 Development Boards
Prepackaged boards come with a multitude of
peripherals for development and debugging:
Programmer
User I/O: buttons, port pinouts, LEDs
Displays: LCD and seven segment
Power
Serial connection interface

21
 Easy PIC v7 from MikroElectronika
USB Port
Programmer

PIC
Power
Supply

LEDs and
Port Pinouts buttons

http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter-1-worl
d-of-microcontrollers/

22
 Additional Peripherals

Touch Screen

ADC converter

23
Questions?

24
 References
http://www.microchip.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontroller
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/10/chapter-9-instruct
ion-set/
http://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-cha
pter-1-world-of-microcontrollers/
http://www.slideshare.net/element14/microchips-16bit-and-32b
it-pic-mcus-7267006
http://www.ladyada.net/library/picvsavr.html
http
://www.mikroe.com/eng/chapters/view/74/pic-basic-book-chapter
-1-world-of-microcontrollers/
http://www.slideshare.net/element14/microchips-16bit-and-32b
it-pic-mcus-7267006 25