Periyar E.V.R.

In 1921, during the anti-liquor campaign cut down 1000 coconut trees in
his own farm.
In 1924, Vaikam Satyagraha to secure for untouchables the right to use a
road near a temple in Kerala.
Varnashrama policy followed in the V.V.S. Iyers Seranmadevi Gurugulam.
During 1920-1925 being in the Congrees Party - communal representation.
1925, Self-Respect Movement.
attacked the laws of Manu, which basis of the entire Hindu social fabric of caste.
He founded the Tamil journals Kudiarasu, Puratchi and Viduthalai
In 1938 at Tamil Nadu Womens Conference appreciat in the
noble service rendered by E.V.R. he was given the title Periyar.
On 27th June 1970 by the UNESCO organisation praised and adorned
title Socrates of South Asia.
 Saint Ramalinga

born on October 5, 1823 at Marudhur, near Chidambaram.

Father Ramayya Pillai and mother, Chinnammayar.
moved to Karunguli in 1858, a place near Vadalur later settled down.
divine powers at the early age of 11.
In1865 Samarasa Suddha Sanmargha Sangha casteless society, love and
compassion to the people.
In 1867, Satya darma salai
Tiru Arutpa, Manu Murai Kanda Vasagam and Jeeva Karunyam.
In 1872 Mettukuppam, three miles away from Vadalur- Satya Gnana Sabai.
 Sri Vaikunda Swamigal

was born in 1809 at Swamithoppu in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu.

original name Mudichoodum Perumal but he was called Muthukkutty. against
untouchability.
his teachings known as Ayyavazhi.
religious books Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool.
Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built across the country.
Factors Promoting the Growth of Nationalism in India

1. Political Unity

2. Development of Communication and Transport

3. English Language and Western Education

4. The Role of the Press

5. Social and Religious Movements of the Nineteenth Century

6. Economic Exploitation by the British

7. Racial Discrimination

8. Administration of Lytton
 The Indian National Congress (1885)
Allan Octavian Hume, civil servant in the British Government - initiative to form
an all-India organization.
Indian National Congress first session at Bombay in 1885. W.C. Banerjee first
president.
attended by 72 delegates from all over India.

Moderate Nationalism
Surendra Nath Banerjee,
attain political rights and self-government
Dadabhai Naoroji, Feroze
stage by stage.
Shah Mehta, Gopalakrishna
Gokhale,Pandit Madan
Mohan Malaviya, Badruddin
Tyabji, Justice Ranade and
G.Subramanya Aiyar.

Extremism 1. Boycotting government courts, schools

Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal and colleges.
Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin 2. Promotion of Swadeshi and boycott of
Chandra Pal and Aurobindo foreign goods.
Ghosh. 3. Introduction and promotion of national
education.
Moderate Nationalism
Surendranath Banerjee - Indian Burke.
Indian Association (1876)
Indian National Conference (1883)
which merged Indian National Congress in l886.

G.Subramanya Aiyar Madras Mahajana Sabha.

The Hindu and Swadesamitran.

Dadabhai Naoroji - Grand Old Man of India.

Indias unofficial Ambassador in England.
first Indian to become a Member of the British House of Commons.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale - the political guru of Gandhi.

In 1905, Servants of India Society to train Indians dedicate their lives
Leaders of the Extremists
Bal Gangadhar Tilak - Lokamanya.
weeklies The Mahratta and the Kesari. jailed twice in 1908 - Mandalay
for six years.
Home Rule League in1916 at Poona - Swaraj is my birth-right and I will have it.
Lala Lajpat Rai - Lion of Punjab.
Swadeshi Movement.
Indian Home Rule League in the US in 1916.
received fatal injuries while leading a procession against the Simon Commission
and died on November 17, 1928.
Bipan Chandra Pal moderate and turned an extremist.
corner of Indian by his powerful speeches and writings.
Aurobinda Ghosh - release he settled in the French territory of Pondicherry
concentrated on spiritual activities.
Partition of Bengal 1905
1905 oct, 16
Curzons real motives were:
To break the growing strength of Bengali nationalism since Bengal was
the base of Indian nationalism.
To divide the Hindus and Muslims in Bengal.
1911- reorganize bengal

Formation of the Muslim League (1906)

In December 1906, at Dacca - Nawab Salimullah khan of Dacca .
The All-India Muslim League was finally set up on
December 30, 1906
Surat Split (1907)
split in the Congress at the Surat session in 1907.
The extremists led by Tilak
Themoderates led by Gopalakrishna Gokhale.
Minto- Morley Reforms (1909)
The Indian Councils Act of 1909 - Minto-Morley Reforms
Lord Morley, the Secretary of State for India
Lord Minto, the Governor-General of India.
The important provisions of this Act were:
communal representation was for the first time Introduced in the
interests of Muslims.
Separate electorates were provided for the Muslims.
An Indian member appointed first time to the Governor-Generals Executive
Council.
Sir S. P. Sinha - first Indian to be appointed thus.
The Home Rule Movement (1916)
Established, one by B.G. Tilak at Poona in April 1916 and
Mrs. Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916.
To get self-government for India within the British Empire.
It believed freedom was the natural right of all nations.
Tilaks - concentrated on Maharashtra.
Annie Besants - covered the rest of the country.
Brought a new life in the national movement.
A revival of Swadeshi.
On 20 August 1917, Montague, the Secretary of State in
England, made a declaration in the Parliament of England on British
Governments policy towards future political reforms in India.
Gradual development of self-governing institutions inI ndia.
This August Declaration led to the end of the Home Rule Movement.
Revolutionary Movements
first half of the 20th century, revolutionary groups.
The revolutionaries not satisfied both the moderates and extremists.
Started secret organizations.
Bengal - Anusilan Samiti and Jugantar
Maharashtra - Abhinava Bharat - Savarkar brothers.
Madras Presidency - Bharathmatha Association - Nilakanta Bramachari.
Punjab - secret society - Ajit Singh - ideas among the youth.
London, at India House, Shyamji Krishna Verma gathered young Indian
nationalists like Madan Lal Dhingra, Savarkar, V.V.S. Iyer and T.S.S.Rajan.
Lala Hardyal - Ghadar Party in USA - activities from outside India.
The Lucknow Pact (1916)
1916 Congress session at Lucknow - Congress became united.
joint action against the British - Congress and the Muslim League.
The signing of the Lucknow Pact - Hindu-Muslim unity.

Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919

during the First World War - Home Rule Movement
the Government of India Act of 1919 - Montague-Chelmsford Reforms.
Lord Chelmsford Viceroy of India.
Reserved Subjects - police, jails, land revenue, irrigation and forests
Transferred Subjects - education, local self-government, public health,
sanitation, agriculture and industries.
Bicameral (Two Chambers)
Council of States
Legislative Assembly.
A High Commissioner for India at London was appointed.
Rowlatt Act (1919)
In 1917, - Sir Sydney Rowlatt - militant Nationalist activities.
report the Rowlatt Act - passed in March 1919.
any person could be arrested on the basis of suspicion.
No appeal or petition - against such arrests.
This Act was called the Black Act.
An all-India hartal was organized on 6 April 1919.
Mahatma Gandhi arrested near Delhi.
leaders of Punjab, Dr Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, arrested in Amritsar.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13 April, 1919)
The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on 13 April 1919
In Punjab, unprecedented support to the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
General Dyer - banned all public meetings.
On 13th April, the Baisakhi day (harvest festival) - organized at the Jallianwala
Bagh (garden).
Dyer - opened fire on the crowd. firing continued 10 to 15 minutes.
According to official report 379 people killed and 1137 wounded.
Protest against this massacre and Rabindranath Tagore renounced knighthood
Khilafat Movement (1919)
Khilafat Movement - defeat of Turkey in the First World War.
Treaty of Sevres (1920) - felt Muslims great insult to them.
The Muslim belief that the Caliph (the Sultan of Turkey) - religious head of
Muslims all over the world.
British attitude against Turkey - launched Khilafat Movement.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saifuddin Kitchlew and the Ali brothers -
leaders of movement.
A Khilafat Committee formed on 19th October 1919 - Khilafat day.
On 23 November - a joint conference of Hindus and the Muslims - chairmanship
of Mahatma Gandhi.
The Khilafat Movement merged with the Non-Cooperation Movement launched
by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.
Advent of Gandhi
principles of nonviolence and Satyagraha
Gandhi made the nationalist movement a mass movement.
2 October 1869 - Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi - Porbandar in Gujarat.
He studied law in England.
1891 - returned to India
April 1893 - South Africa - struggle against apartheid (Racial discrimination

against the Blacks) for 20 years.

Jan 9, 1915 came back to India NRI day

1917 - oppressive European indigo planters at Champaran in Bihar.
1918 - launched Satyagraha at Kheda in Gujarat - land tax due to failure of
crops. During this struggle, Sardar Vallabhai Patel - trusted followers of Gandhi.
1918 - Gandhi - Ahmedabad Mill Workers - conceded demands of the workers.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)
Mahatma Gandhi - Non-Cooperation - government as a sequel to the Rowlatt Act,
Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement.
Indian National Congress at the Nagpur session in December, 1920.
Programmes
Non-Cooperation Movement were:
Surrender of titles and honorary positions.
Resignation of membership from the local bodies.
Boycott of elections held under the provisions of the 1919 Act.
Boycott of government functions.
Boycott of courts, government schools and colleges.
Boycott of foreign goods.
Establishment of national schools, colleges and private panchayat courts.
Popularizing swadeshi goods and khadi.
Students came out of the government educational institutions.
National schools such as the Kashi Vidyapeeth, the Bihar Vidyapeeth
and the Jamia Millia Islamia.
On 5th February - fire to the police station at Churi Chaura (U.P)
22 police men burnt to death.
off on 11th February 1922 by Gandhi - the Churi Chaura incident in the
Gorakpur district of U.P.
sudden suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Mahatma Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922.
Swaraj Party (1923 1925)
split within Congress in the Gaya session of the Congress in December 1922.

on 1 January 1923 - Motilal Nehru and Chittranjan Das - the Swaraj Party

Committee chaired - Alexander Muddiman - the system of Dyarchy.

June 1925 - passing away of C.R. Das - the Swarj Party - started weakening.
Simon Commission (1927)
The Act of 1919 - review lapse of ten years - review commission appointed
British Government two years earlier - schedule in 1927.
Simon Commission - chairman, Sir John Simon.
All seven members were Englishmen - no Indian member.
3 February 1928 - the Commission reached Bombay - general hartal observed.
greeted with black flags and the cries of Simon go back.
on 30 October 1928 - Lahore, the students took out large anti-Simon
Commission demonstration leadership of Lala Lajpat Rai.
Lala Lajpat Rai - seriously injured in the police lathi charge and he passed away
after one month.
Simon Commission report - May1930.
report recommended autonomous government.
Nehru Report (1928)
the Secretary of State, Lord Birkenhead, challenged - Indians produce a
Constitution.
party meeting on 28 February 1928.
A committee - eight - constituted to draw up a blueprint for the future Constitution
of India. - headed by Motilal Nehru. Nehru Report.
The Report favoured:
Dominion Status.
Full responsible government at the centre.
Autonomy to the provinces.
Clear cut division of power between the centre and the provinces.
A bicameral legislature at the centre.
Muslim League - Mohammad Ali Jinnah - All India Conference of the Muslims
drew - Fourteen Points.
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)
session of the Congress was held at Lahore in December 1929.
Presided Jawaharlal Nehru - the Poorna Swaraj resolution.
government failed to accept the Nehru Report
Civil Disobedience Movement - January 26, 1930 - the Day of Independence.
Since January 26th - day of independence every year.
later Republic Day when the Indian Constitution was enforced in 1950.
The Dandi March
On 12th March 1930, Gandhi - March to Dandi - 79 followers to break the salt
laws. reached the coast of Dandi on 5 April 1930.
After marching a distance of 200 miles
on 6 April - the Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking the salt laws.
important leaders of the Congress and imprisoned them.
Round Table Conference
first Round Table Conference - November 1930 at London - boycotted by the
Congress.

January 1931- released its leaders from prison.

On 8 March 1931 the Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed.
September 1931, the Second Round Table Conference - London.
Mahatma Gandhi participated - disappointed as no agreement - demand of
complete independence and on the communal question.

January 1932, the Civil-Disobedience Movement resumed.

Poona Pact (1932)
1930, Dr Ambedkar - depressed people of the country.
On 16 August 1932 Ramsay MacDonald - Communal Award.
Gandhi against the Communal Award - fast unto death - Yeravada jail on 20
September 1932.

between Dr Ambedkar and Gandhi - agreement Poona Pact.

148 seats - reserved for the Depressed Classes - 71 - Communal Award.
The third Round Table Conference 1932 boycott by congress
1933, the British Government issued a White Paper - basis for the enactment of
the Government of India Act, 1935.
The Second World War and National Movement
In 1937 elections held - Government of India Act of 1935.
Congress Ministries 7 states of India.
On 1 September 1939 the Second World War.
The British Government without consulting the people of India involved the
country in the war.
Congress Ministries - Provinces resigned on 12 December 1939.
The Muslim League celebrated that day as the Deliverance Day.
In March 1940 the Muslim League demanded the creation of Pakistan.
Individual Satyagraha
Second World War - secure the cooperation of the Indians.
on 8 August 1940 - August Offer.
envisaged representative body of Indians frame the new Constitution.
Gandhi - Individual Satyagraha.
Mahatma Gandhi - choose the Satyagrahis.
Acharya Vinoba Bhave - first to offer Satyagraha - three months imprisonment.
Jawaharlal Nehru 2nd Satyagrahi and imprisoned for four months.
The individual Satyagraha continued for nearly 15 months.
Cripps Mission (1942)
July 1941 - the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow expanded Executive Council -
including 5 more Indians.

23 March 1942 - Sir Stafford Cripps to India Cripps Mission

recommendations of Cripps were:

The promise of Dominion Status to India,

Protection of minorities

setting up of a Constituent Assembly

Gandhi called Cripps proposals as a Post-dated Cheque.

Quit India Movement (1942-1944)
failure of the Cripps Mission - Japanese invasion of India
Mahatma Gandhi campaign - British to quit India.
Bombay on 8 August 1942 - Quit India Resolution Gandhi - do or die.
arrested all the prominent leaders of the Congress.
Mahatma Gandhi - prison at Poona.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Abul Kalam Azad - imprisoned Ahmednagar Fort.
Led by Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyuta and S.M. Joshi.
The role of Jayaprakash Narain in this movement was important.
In 1943, the movement gained - armed attacks - government buildings in
Madras and Bengal.
In 1944 Mahatma Gandhi was released from jail.
The British Government ordered for 538 rounds of firing.
Nearly 60,229 persons were jailed. At least 7,000 people were killed.
Indian National Army
On 2 July 1943, Subhas Chandra Bose - Singapore - Dilli Chalo.
President of Indian Independence League - supreme commander of the Indian
National Army.
country the slogan of Jai Hind.
INAs 3 Brigades - Subhas Brigade, Gandhi Brigade and Nehru Brigade.
The womens wing - Rani Laxmibai.
Imphal after registering its victory over Kohima.
Japans surrender in 1945, INA failed in its efforts.
Subhas went to Taiwan - way to Tokyo he died on 18 August 1945 in a plane
crash.
The trial of the soldiers of INA at Red Fort in Delhi.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai and Tej Bahadur Sapru fought the
case on behalf of the soldiers.
Cabinet Mission (1946)
After the Second World War, Lord Atlee Prime Minister of England.
On 15 March, 1946 Lord Atlee - the right to self-determination and the framing
of a Constitution for India.
3 members of the British Cabinet - Pathick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A. V.
Alexander - Cabinet Mission.
proposed the formation of a Union of India, comprising both the British India and
the Princely States.
setting up an Interim Government
New Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly
July 1946 for the formation of a Constituent Assembly.
Interim Government formed leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on 2 September 1946.
Mountbatten Plan (1947)
On 20 February l947, Prime Minister Atlee announced British Government to
transfer power to responsible Indian not later than June 1948.

Atlee decided to send Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy to India.

Lord Mountbatten - Indias Viceroy on 24 March 1947.
creation of Pakistan - plan of partition of India on 3 June 1947.
The Congress and the Muslim League ultimately approved the Mountbatten
Plan.
Indian Independence Act 1947
The British Government accorded formal approval to the Mountbatten Plan by
enacting the Indian Independence Act on 18 July 1947
salient features of this Act were:
The partition country into India and Pakistan - effect from 15 August 1947.
A Boundary Commission would demarcate the boundaries of the provinces of
the Punjab and Bengal.
The Radcliff Boundary Commission drew boundary line - India and Pakistan.
On 15th August 1947 India, and on the 14th August Pakistan independent
states.
Lord Mountbatten - first Governor General of Independent India
Rajagopalachari first indian General of Independent India
Mohammad Ali Jinnah first Governor General of Pakistan.
30 January 1948, Mahatma Gandhi - the father of the nationon - assassinated
by Nathuram Godse.