Building

Constrcuction I

Basic Construction
Material

CONCRETE
(lecture 8) Prepared by :
ENGR. MERLIN D.
HERRERA
 CONCRETE is a
construction material
composed of cement and
other cementitious
materials such as fly
ash and slag
cement, aggregate, water,
and chemical admixtures.
Example of Concrete
buildings.
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HYDRATION: is the
chemical process known as
hydration causes concrete
to solidifies and hardens
after mixing with water
and placement

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 Composition of
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CEMENT-: refers to the
material used to bind the
aggregate materials of
concrete .
Portland cement is the most
common type of cement in
general usage
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Water - Combining water with a
cementitious material forms a cement
paste by the process of hydration.
The cement paste glues the aggregate
together, fills voids within it, and
allows it to flow more freely.

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Aggregates - Fine
and coarse aggregates
make up the bulk of a
concrete mixture.

We have slate,
stone, gravel, rocks,
boulders and sand

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 Concrete Properties
Versatile
Pliable when mixed
Strong & Durable
Does not Rust or Rot
Does Not Need a Coating
Resists Fire
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 Concrete is
used to make :
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 Motorways

Overpass
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Pavements Architectural structures

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Pipe
Foundations
Parking
Structures Brick wall

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 Gates Fences
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 Concrete is
used to make :
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the finished product can be tailored to
its application with varying strength,
density, or chemical and thermal
resistance properties.

The mix design depends on the type

of structure being built, how the
concrete will be mixed and delivered,
and how it will be placed to form this
structure

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There are many types of
concrete available, created by
varying the proportions of
the main ingredients below.
By varying the proportions
of materials, or by
substitution for the
cemetitious and aggregate
phases.

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Various Test Conducted are:

Slump Test used to determine

and measure how hard and
consistent a given sample of
concrete is before curing.

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 2. Compression Test is the process
applied in determining the strength of
concrete.

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 Mixing Concrete

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 The process of mixing concrete for building
construction is done in two different ways.
It is either mixing on the job site or by ready
mixed concrete.

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 Centralized Ready-Mix Plant
Concrete of any desirable
proportions and quality for numerous
special purposes can be ordered
directly from the ready-mix concrete
dealers. The desired type and quality
of concrete is delivered to the project
site very rapidly.

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 A ready-mix concrete is mixed by either:

a) In mobile mixers
b) In stationary mixers

Truck Mixer

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 Mobile Mixing. Cement and
aggregates are loaded in a mobile mixer at
the batching plant and then mixing
operation is done on its way to the job
site.

Stationary Mixing. The concrete is

mixed before it is loaded inside the truck
mixer where the concrete is only agitated.

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 Hand Mixing. A good concrete can be
produced also by hand mixing, provided that the
fine and coarse aggregates are clean and well
graded.

Depositing Of Concrete

Concrete mixing requires adequate

preparation of the steel reinforcement,
various embedment thereat, strong forms,
equipment and the materials required for
the activities.
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 Segregation of Particles
Segregation means the seperation of
sand and stone from the matrix or
paste resulting to an inferior quality
of concrete.

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 Curing Concrete
The hardening of concrete depends upon
the chemical reaction between the cement
and water. Hardening of concrete will
continue as long as moisture is present
under favorable temperature condition.
The initial setting of concrete will start
at about two or three hours after the
concrete has been mixed.
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 3.2 MAKING AND TESTING OF
CONCRETE
3.2.1 Mixing, placing, finishing and curing of
concrete
3.2.1.1 Mixing: Involves weighing out all the ingredients for a batch of
concrete and mixing them together - A six-bag batch contains six bags of
cement per batch - Hand-mixing (tools used) - Mixing with stationary or
paving mixer - Mixing with truck mixers - Rated capacities of mixers vary
from 2cu.ft. to 7cu.yd.
3.2.1.2 Pumping and placing: Concrete is conveyed to the construction
site in wheel barrows, carts, belt conveyors, cranes or chutes or pumped
(high-rise building) - Pumps have capacities to pump concrete up to 1400
feet and at 170 cu.yds. per hour - Concrete should be placed as near as
possible to its final position - Placed in horizontal layers of uniform
thickness (6 to 20) and consolidated before placing the next layer
3.2.1.3 Finishing: The concrete must be leveled and surface made
smooth/flat - Smooth finish; Float/trowel finish; Broom finish; Exposed
aggregate finish
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Transit Mix Truck (Ready-
Mix Truck)
Placement Today - Direct
From the Transit Mixer, or
Improperly consolidated Concrete