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Microbial Contact
Inducible Responses
1
Constitutive defenses can be either
structural, chemical or both
Physical Barriers
Cuticle
- cuticular wax
- cutin polymer
Cell wall
- polysaccharide matrix
- phenylpropanoid esters/amides
- cell wall proteins
2
Lacey Samuels - UBC 3
Lacey Samuels - UBC
4
cuticle
CO
O O
C
O
6
Cell wall polysaccharides
microfibrillar cellulose
neutral hemicelluloses -
xyloglucans
mixed beta 1-3, 1-4 glucans
acidic polysaccharides -
partially methyl-esterified homogalacturonans
and rhamnogalacturonans
7
8
9
Cell wall proteins
10
Cell wall proteins
-OH -NH3+
sidechains
OH
11
Oxidizing enzymes peroxidases
laccases
2x
OH H- OH
OH
12
Pre-formed Chemical Defenses
Phytoanticipins
- antimicrobial peptides
- phenolic esters
- lignin
- flavonoids Secondary
- isoprenoid lipids metabolites
- glucosinolates
- cyanogenic glycosides 13
Inducible Chemical Defenses
Phytoalexins
- antimicrobial peptides
- phenolic esters
- lignin
- flavonoids Secondary
- isoprenoid lipids metabolites
- glucosinolates
- cyanogenic glycosides 14
Phytoalexins were originally defined formally as
Problems:
not pre-existing is a technology-dependent parameter
often not very effective as stand-alone anti-microbials
often induced by other biotic and abiotic stresses
15
Antimicrobial peptides
Thaumatin-like proteins
Lipid transfer proteins
Anti-freeze proteins
Defensins
16
Secondary metabolites
Hydroxycinnamic acid
Chlorogenic acid
17
Oxidizing enzymes: polyphenol oxidase
2H- HS - Enz
H2N - Enz
OH O
OH O
ortho-quinone
S - Enz
OH
covalent
conjugation OH
product - denatured 18