Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Data Communications
Mobile Sta
Mobile Station (MS)
• Mobile Equipment
– Fixed
– Portable
• International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)
number
• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
• Personal Identification Number (PIN)
• International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
number
• Enables access to subscribed services
• Smart card
Base Transceiver Station - BTS
– Usually referred to as the Base Station
– Provides the interface to the network for the MS
– Handles all communications with the MS
– Less “intelligent” than analogue equivalent
• cheaper than analogue systems
• bypass analogue in less wealthy countries
– “intelligence” now deployed on MS
• for example, when to perform a handover
– Transmitting power determines cell size
Base Station Controller - BSC
– Controls Base Stations
• up to several hundred depending on manufacturer
– Manages radio channels
• allocation and release
– Coordinates Handover
– Physical location may vary
– Abis interface
• between BSC and BTS
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
– Performs all switching/exchange functions
– Handles
– registration
– authentication
– location updating
– A GSM network must have at least one MSC
– May connect to other networks
• Gateway MSC (GMSC)
Home Location Register (HLR)
– Administrative information for all subscribers
• IMSI number
• actual phone number
• permitted supplementary services
• current location i.e. which VLR subscriber is currently
registered with
• parameters for authentication and ciphering
– One HLR per GSM PLMN
Integrating GPRS
Mobile Sta
GPRS MS
– Two Components
– Mobile Terminal (MT)
– SIM card
– Three Classes of terminal
– Class A - simultaneous circuit switched (GSM) and packet
switched (GPRS) traffic
– Class B- supports both GSM and GPRS connections but
not both at the same time. One call is suspended for the
duration of the other
– Class C - handless both GPRS or GSM but can only be
connected to one at the same time.
GPRS NSS
• Two new nodes introduced for packet data
– Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
• handles all packet data for the appropriate geographic area
– monitors GPRS users
– handles security and access control
– may be regarded as the packet switched equivalent of the circuit-
switched MSC
– Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
– internetworking functionality
– routes incoming data to correct SGSN
– translates between different protocols and formats
– Details of data services added to HLR
GPRS - Summary
• Data capacity increased considerably
• Depending on configuration
• @ 14.4 kb/s per channel, 115.2 kb/s achieved
• @ 21.4 kb/s per channel, 171.2 kb/s achieved
• BUT up to 8 users per channel!
• Minimum set-up time
• “always-on” connection
• Charging determined by actual data not time
Integrating EDGE
• Minimum changes to the existing network
• New Modulation scheme
– 8 phase shift keying (8PSK)
– 3 bits of information per signal pulse
– data rates increased by a factor of three
EDGE - NSS
• Minimum impact on the core network
• SGSN & GGSN practically independent
of data rates
• Some minor software upgrades
3G - UMTS
Mobile Sta
UMTS - MS
• User Equipment
– Mobile Equipment
– UMTS SIM (USIM)
– Air interface
• UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
– W-CDMA
– TD-CDMA
UMTS BSS
• Radio Network Subsystem
• Two new network elements
– Node B
• equivalent of a BTS
– Radio Network Controller
• supports a number of Node Bs
• equivalent of a BSC
• Obviously, UMTS has major implications for the
BSS
CDMA BASICS
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) splits
calls into fragments and send them over different
frequencies simultaneously
• The use of multiple frequencies gives CDMA
effective protection against interference and lost
calls
• CDMA supports true packet switching and does
not use time slots, therefore is more bandwidth
efficient than TDMA -- also a more direct path to
3G
• Current CDMA penetration in the world market is
about 27%
3G CDMA Architecture
Note: For simplicity, only the CDMA2000 architecture will be reviewed for this presentation
GPRS 114
Theoretical
CDMA 64 data
transmission
PDC-P 28.8 speed
kbps
GSM/PDC 9.6
Source: ITU.
3G Systems Overview
3G Migration
SOURCE: CDMA Development Group (CDG) CDG Migration Diagram
Mobility Overview
• Future mobility will be provided with higher
data rates and Ubiquitous access
– This implies the need for seamless wide area
and office coverage
– Future remote access techniques will mirror
existing to protect current investments
Mobile
Multimedia
Multimedia
Message
Browsing Picture Service
Messaging
SMS
Time
SMS
SMS=Short Message Service=Current
Worldwide “Killer Application”
• A basic text messaging service for sending messages
up to 160 characters to mobile phones
• Runs on separate channel from voice traffic-much
cheaper for operators to carry text messages (started out
as free service in many countries)
•Overwhelming user uptake in Europe and A/P
--billions of messages sent each month; very profitable
for carriers
SMS growth in Europe
60
SMSs/subs/month
50
Norway
Finland
40
Portugal
Germany
30
Sweden
20
UK Italy
Greece
10
Spain
France
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Mobile Penetration
i-Mode
•In 1999 Japanese wireless operator NTT DoCoMo
decided to launch its own specially developed
application environment for subscribers and to
open its billing system to application providers
• DoCoMo developed a programming
language based on HTML (cHTML), set up the
billing and distribution infrastructure and
manufactured a new breed of application friendly
handsets.
•The service was branded as i-Mode
Importance of iMode Model
• First to value the content/app provider part of the
business model--developers get the revenues for
application usage (minus 9% for DoCoMo to
handle billing)
• Enormous popularity with very large range of titles
and applications developed
• Viewed as a potential model for Europe & US
(investment in AT&T Wireless, launch with KPN)
J2ME and BREW Applications
Why Run Locally on the Handset?
• Overcomes some of the issues with messaging applications
– No network/delivery delay in highly interactive apps like
games
– User not worried about cost of airtime or message
delivery; one-time fee for downloading easier to present
to the marketplace
• Can use processing power of device to add speed,
graphics, and logic support for richer user experience
• Simpler value chain for all players
New Phones Have MMS, WAP, Java (GSM) or
BREW (CDMA) – 400 million plus in 2003
What is J2ME?
• Java 2 Micro Edition
– Optimized Java programming and execution for mobile
devices
– CLDC: Connected Limited Device Configuration
– MIDP: Mobile Information Device Profile
• Creates a Virtual Machine that runs programs on the device
• Makes it easy for large Java programming community to write
mobile applications
• Apps can be downloaded from carrier sites, Java portals, or
directly from developers
• No consistent business model to support revenue collection
and marketplace management
– Nokia provides a marketplace at Tradepoint, but no testing
and billing services
What is BREW?
• Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless
– Also a sly poke at Java from its Qualcomm creators
• Like Java, BREW runs a virtual machine on the handset
– Allows user to download an application once from the
wireless network and then interact with content without
using air time
– Supports graphics, etc. to make it suitable for games and
interactive apps
• Applications written in C or C++ (or even Java)
• Well-organized BREW business model created and maintained
by Qualcomm
– Testing and “TrueBREW” certification for apps
– For 20% of app revenue, Qualcomm manages marketplace
Wireless LANs
Wireless LANs
• Wireless LAN networks, including 802.11 or Wi-Fi, are growing
quickly for home and office applications
• Unregulated frequency bands - Quality of Service not guaranteed,
but speed, low cost, and ease of implementation are compelling
• Very suitable for local data transmission and access outside operator
networks - e.g. company internal solutions or home installations
• Being endowed with roaming capabilities and voice enabled devices
to compete directly with carrier-owned networks
Wi-Fi
• Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)
• IEEE 802.11b
• 50m range approximately
• Data rates vary
– 11 - 56 Mb/s in theory
• Higher with some proprietary extensions
– 7 Mb/s is more realistic
• Walls can reduces range and throughput
• Number of users can reduce data rates
WLAN Overview
• 802.11i: MAC layer security using AES, 802.1x, and SHA…Expected draft for 2004
MAC
• 802.11e: QoS features in the air interface…Expected draft for 2004
Layer
Features • 802.11f: Inter Access Point Protocol (IAPP) for seamless interoperable roaming…
Expected draft for 2005
IP Backbone/
Internet
GSM/UMTS
CDMA WSP WSP
PDSN/FA/HA/Fir
ewall WLAN GGSN/FA/HA/
Gateway Public Firewall
& FA WLAN SGSN
PCF
Ethernet
MSC/RNC
BSC
BS BS CGF
BS 802.11 Access BS
Points
There is not yet a defined standard architecture for 1x-EVDO WLAN Interworking via 3GPP2 (ITU CDMA2000
standards group), but loose integration is currently favored in preliminary drafts.
Loose integration makes most sense because it allows office WLAN, public hotspot WLAN,
home WLAN, and operator WLAN access.
WLAN-3G Integration
Overview
Two Types of Integration Services:
IP Address
is
Constant