Neni Trilusiana R., Dra.,M.Kes., Ph.D.

Faculty of Medicine , UGM

Yogyakarta
2012
SIOs:
Understand the growth of children and
adolescents
Understand the critical period of growth of
children and adolescents
Understanding the stages of growth plays a helpful
role in parenting, medical treatment and everyday
life.
 Biological activity 2 decades of human life
Biological activity 2 decades of human life
1. cell number
1.2.cell
cellnumber
size
2.3.cell size
intercellular substances
3. intercellular substances
 Growth

increase in size
changes in the mass of body tissue
taller and heavier

heredity, nutrition, illness,

socio-economic class, exercise,
family size, season of year,
climate & race, and secular trend
Human Growth Stages
Infancy and Childhood
Infancy: birth 2
Early childhood: 3 to
Middle childhood: 7 to 9
Childhood and Adolescence
Late childhood: 10 to 12
Adolescence its around age 13- 19
Adolescence is when puberty occurs in both girls and boys
Adulthood
Early adulthood: 20 35
Midlife adulthood: 36 to 50 and mature adulthood is from 50 to 75
Late Adulthood and Death
Late adulthood starts at age 75 and continues from there.
This is the stage in life when people become elderly and bodies are ware down.
The cycle ends with death
 Growth patterns in height and body weight
From birth to early adulthood, both stature and weight
follow a four-phase growth pattern:
- rapid gain in infancy and early childhood
- rather gain during middle childhood
- rapid gain during the adolescent spurt
- slow increase until adult stature (body weight usually
continues to increase into adult life)

Sex differences:

- boys: slightly taller and heavier (on average)

- girls: (during early adolescent spurt)
temporally taller and heavier
Fig. 1. Growth proportions in males from birth to maturity
 Biology Physically
(age, sex, (season,
nutrition, geography,
health, sanitation,
disease, etc) home, etc)
Family

Individual

Psychosocial
factor Economic culture
politic

Environmental influences on growth and development

(Soetjiningsih, 1998)
GROWTH RATE-level:
Early childhood:
- birth - 2.5 years
- height added 44% (boys) and 40% (girls)
- weight added 143% (boys) and 157% (girls)
- head and trunk size large
- head size is total height
- solid legs, plump and muscular

Middle childhood:
- 2.5 years - 6 or 7 years
- the permanent teeth begin to appear
- face reduced, plump cheeks, nose looks short and wide
- trunk cylindrical shape, protruding abdomen and a rounded
- no bone or muscle protruding
 Late childhood
- 7 years - early puberty (11 - female, 12 - male)
- crisis rapid linear growth
- legs -> skinny
- head size added a small
- bone structure of face -- clearly
- waist and sexual dimorphic began to clear

Adolescence
- The period of transition and critical
- Divided into 2: pre- puberty and puberty
 Growth of height and weight
- Follow the generalist type
- Weight -- slowly at an early age and increase in age circum-puberty
- Height -- rapid at an early

Adolescence growth spurt

- Rapid growth in all aspects of puberty
- Begins with the onset of secondary sexual characteristics

Precocity female
Period during the circum-puberty,
where growth (height and weight) of female is greater than male
associated with the timing of puberty (female -- early 1-2 years)
Fig. 2. Distance for height and weight of children from birth to 19 years of age.
Fig.3. Typical individual velocity curves for height and weight in boys and girls
Fig. 4. Distance curves for sitting height , leg length, biacromial and bicristal
breadth in American children 2 to 18 years of age
Fig. 5. Distance curves for arm, calf, and head circumference in a mixed-
longitudinal sample of children from birth to 18 years of age
Fig. 6. Sitting height/stature and bicristal/biacromial ratios of American children
 Aging
- Classification:
*Middle age: 40 65 years
*Old age : 65 75 years
*very old age : 75 85 years
*Oldest old age : over 85 year
Cause unknown (genetic) muscle regeneration and connective tissue
- To be influenced by environment (health, psychological, etc)
- On the face: missing teeth and jaws wear, creases on the tail of the eye,
fat under the skin thinning, gray hair, balding, hair loss,
blurry eyes
- In general: the body starts to bend, skin wrinkling and air-
spots, the skin above the muscle maneuverable,
ectomorph more skinny, endomorph more skinny / fat
- Forgetfulness, concentration, sexuality, and adaptation decreases
- Life ends -- died - slow process, not instantaneous.
 Age dead of females --> higher than males
At least people died at the age of 11-12 years
Developed countries over 75 years
Underdeveloped countries less 60 years
Pithecanthropus -- 20 years
Neanderthals -- 30 years
 References:

Eveleth PB. And Tanner JM. 1990. World variation in human growth.
Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Malina RM, Bouchard C, and Bar-Or O., 2004. Growth, Maturation,

and Physical Activity. Champaign: Human Kinetics.

Shephard RJ. 2005. Body Composition in Biological Anthropology.

Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

Tanner J.M. 1989. Foetus into Man. Physical Growth from

Conception to Maturity. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Thank you