OMF810002 GSM Handover Algorithm ISSUE2.0

GSM Handover
Algorithm
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Foreword
Handover is a key technology of mobile communication system and
make continued conversation possible.
Handover algorithm in Huawei product is flexible and powerful.
Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Outline the types of handover
Master handover judgment flow
Understand algorithm of different handovers
Explain HO data configuration
Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. HO Algorithm Process
Contents
Purposes of HO
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
To improve network service performance
To reduce the call drop rate
To reduce the congestion rate
Classification by Reason
No DL MR Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) HO
1 Emergency HO Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Bad Quality (BQ) HO
2 Enhanced Dual Band HO
Classification
by
Load HO
Reason 3 EDGE HO
PBGT HO
4 Normal HO Layer HO
MS Fast Moving HO
Concentric Cell HO
AMR HO
Classification by Synchronization
MSC NSS Network MSC
BSC BSC BSC
BTS
BTS
CELL BTS BTS BTS
Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Case 1 Case 5
Synchronous Handover: the target BTS shall not send PHY INFO message
Asynchronous Handover: the target BTS shall send PHY INFO message
Classification by Equipment and
Channel
Intra Cell HO ( HRFR)
Inter Cell HO TCH TCH
Intra BSC HO
SDCCH SDCCH
Intra MSC HO
SDCCH TCH
(Direct Retry)
Inter MSC HO
Contents
Contents
2.1 General HO Process
2.2 Measure and Measurement Result Report
2.3 Measurement Report Preprocessing
2.4 Handover Judgment
2.5 Handover Implementation
General HO Process
MS Goes into Dedicated Mode
1 Measure and Measurement Result Report
2 Measurement Report Preprocessing
3 Handover Judgment
4 Handover Implementation
MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode
General HO Process
3 Handover Judgment
Measurement Report
Uplink MR includes uplink receiving level and quality.
Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink

receiving quality of the serving cell and other downlink receiving
levels from the neighbor cells.
The downlink measurement report

of the neighbor cell (BCCH)
The downlink MR
The uplink MR
Serving cell
Neighbor cell
Measurement Report
Period of Measurement Report
The downlink MR is sent to BTS in SACCH uplink
The interval is 480ms/per time when MS is on TCH
The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH
480ms 4 TCH Multi-

frames
12TCH 1SACCH 12TCH 1 Idle
General HO Process
3 Handover Judgment
MR Preprocessing
Interpolation Filtering
Recover the lost Smooth the instantaneous
measurement report fading point
MR Preprocessing
MR Interpolation
MR
MR
MR
No. n+4
MR
MR
No. n Missing by
some reasons
MR Filtering
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
Filter----Average several
consecutive MRs
Data Configuration of MR
Preprocessing
Preprocessing
Preprocessing
Preprocessing
General HO Process
MS Goes into Penalty Processing
Dedicated Mode
Ranking Processing Enhanced Dual Band HO
1 Measure and Measurement

Result Report OM Forced HO Load HO
Normal HO
Direct Retry
2 MR. Preprocessing Edge HO
Emergency HO
No DL MR HO MS Fast Moving HO
3 Handover Judgment
TA HO Layer HO
Interference HO PBGT HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO Concentric Cell HO

MS Goes into New
Dedicated Mode Bad Quality HO AMR HO
Penalty Processing
Punish on
the target
cell Emergency
HO Fails (TA&BQ)HO
Punish on the
AMR HO original cell
Fails
Penalty MS Fast
Moving
HO
Concentric Punish on other

Intra-cell Cell HO high priority layer
HO cells
Penalty for Handover Failure
Punish the target cell when a HO fails.
This is to avoid the MS to select this cell again in next HO judgment.
Cell A
BTS
HO Fail
BTS
BSC
Cell B
Data Configuration of Penalty for
Handover Failure
Handover Failure
Penalty for Emergency Handover
Punish the original cell when an emergency HO ( due to BQ and
TA) occurs.
Cell A
BTS
BQ&TA HO
BSC
Cell B
Emergency Handover
Emergency Handover
Penalty for MS Fast-moving Handover
Giving penalty on the other three layers(Non-umbrella Layer ) after MS
handovers to Umbrella cell by fast-moving-HO.
This is to keep MS staying in the umbrella cell and avoid frequent HO.
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Data Configuration of Penalty for MS
Fast-moving Handover
Penalty for Concentric Cell
A new concentric cell HO is prohibited within a penalty time after a
concentric cell HO failure.
Do not
attempt again
after N failed
HO(U->O)!
Overlaid Do not attempt

again during
penalty time
Underlaid after one failed
HO(O->U)!
Concentric Cell
Penalty for Enhanced Concentric Cell
A new UO HO is prohibited within a penalty time after a
OU HO is performed successfully.
Overlaid
Do not
attempt back
Underlaid too fast!
Enhanced Concentric Cell
Penalty for Intra-cell HO
A new intra-cell HO is prohibited if it occurs too frequently.
Intra-cell
HO Time
4th.
3rd.
2nd.
1st.
Penalty time
0 3 7 12 32 T (s)
Max. consecutive HO times: 3

Forbidden time after Max. times: 20s
Interval for consecutive HO Jud: 6s
Intra-cell HO
Data Configuration of Penalty for AMR
FRHR Handover Failure
General HO Process
Dedicated Mode

Normal HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
3 Handover Judgment
TA HO Layer HO

MS Goes into New
Ranking Processing
Basic ranking Network feature adjustment
M rule 16 bits ranking
K rule
The ranking result: target cell selection of handover
M Rule
Begin
Finish to all Yes

neighbor cells? End
No
No An BSC external neighboring Yes No No Delete the cell from
Direct retry? [Inter-BSC SDCCH HO
cell& the current channel is Allowed] is Yes? the cell list?
SDCCH ?
Yes
Yes
If the cell flow is overload ?

Yes
No
RX_LEV_DL(n) < [Min DL Power Yes Delete this cell from

on HO Candidate Cell](n)+
the cell list
[Min Access Level Offset](s)?
For service cell:

No
Min Access Level Offset=0
M rule will remove the neighbor
RX_LEV_UL(n) < [Min UP Power on HO Yes
Candidate Cell](s)+ cells from the candidate cell list
[Min Access Level Offset](s)?
according to the flow.
No
Data Configuration of M Rule
Data Configuration of M Rule
K Rule
Flow of calculating K value.
Cell B
Begin Cell A Cell C
Cell F Serving Cell Cell D

Yes
Finish to calculate Cell E
value K to all cells? End
No
Yes No
Serving cell? E
Receiving
Level
K=0 K = RX_LEV (n) RX_LEV (s) A Serving
Cell F C D B
Cell
All the candidate cells are ranked in descending order according to the K value
Network Feature Adjustment
After network feature adjustment, all the candidate cells have their
own 16 bits value.
The smaller the value is, the higher the handover priority and
position of the cell are in the candidate cell list, then it is possible to
be the candidate cell.
The 1st~3rd bits
The bit value indicates the priority of downlink receiving level

according to the cell signal level and the penalty process taking place
beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell
according to the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell
with the strongest signal level is 000.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 4th bit: Inter-cell HO hysteresis bit.
Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell ( of the

same layer ) hysteresis and PBGT threshold, that value will be used
in the PBGT HO.
Yes Is serving cell? No
RX_LEV_DL (n) >=

Always set to 0 RX_LEV_DL (s) + Yes
Set to 0
[Inter-cell HO hysteresis]
No
Set to1
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Data Configuration of Inter-cell HO Hysteresis
The 5th~10th bits
The bit value is decided according to their position in Huawei
hierarchical network structure.
Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be
further divided into 16 different priorities.
So there are 64 different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Hierarchical Cell Structure
Umbrella Cell GSM 900 Layer 4

low
GSM 900 GSM 900

Layer 3
GSM900 Cell
GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800

Layer 2
GSM1800 Cell
GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM900

Layer 1
Micro Cell GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800 high
Data Configuration of Cell Hierarchical
Network Structure
The 11th bit: The bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.
This bit is affected by 14th bit.
Yes 11th bit is

System load>=[System Flux Threshold for Load HO] or
[Load HO Allowed ] =No ? turned off
No
Yes No
Is serving cell?
No Cell load >= [Load cell load >=[ Load Rep. No

HO Threshold](s)? on Candidate Cell](n)?
Yes Yes
set to 0 set to 1 set to 1 set to 0
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Data Configuration of Cell-load-sharing
Data Configuration of Cell-load-sharing
12th bit and 13th bit: Whether share the same BSC or MSC.
Yes No
Is serving cell?
Both 12th and 13th set to 0 Yes Is [Co-BSC/MSC Adj] No Turn off
yes? 12th &13th bit
Yes No
Co-BSC?
Yes No
Co-MSC?
The same BSC: Different BSC: Different MSC:

12th set to 0 12th set to 1 12th set to 0
13th set to 0 13th set to 0 13th set to 1
See 14th bit
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Data Configuration of Co-BSC&MSC
The 14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit.
Yes No
Is serving cell?
Yes RX_LEV_DL >= [Inter-layer HO RX_LEV_DL >= [Inter-layer HO Yes

Threshold] [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis]? Threshold] + [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis]?
No No
Bit 14th set to 1, and bit
set to 0 set to 0
5th ~13th are turned off
The 15th/16th bits are reserved
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Data Configuration of Layer HO
Threshold Adjustment
General HO Process
Dedicated Mode

Normal HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
3 Handover Judgment
TA HO Layer HO

MS Goes into New
No DL MR HO
When the quality of Um interface become worse and worse, it is
for the worse uplink quality that MS can not deliver downlink MR,
while the downlink quality is not bad enough for MS to receive the
downlink message normally.
Bad
uplink
quality
Serving Cell Neighboring Cell
Position of No DL MR HO
Penalty Processing
MS Goes into
Dedicated Mode
Measure and Measurement
1 OM Forced HO
Result Report Load HO
Normal HO
MR. Preprocessing
Direct Retry
2
Edge HO
Emergency HO
TA HO Layer HO
3 Handover Judgment
MS Goes into New

Bad Quality HO AMR HO
Dedicated Mode
No DL MR HO
Begin
UL_Qua. (after filering)
>=[No Dl Mr.Ul Qual
No Is [No Dl Mr. HO HO Limit]?
Allowed] Yes ? Yes
Yes Only one No
Yes
cadidate cell?
No
Report 1 DL MR at lease?
No
Yes Is serving cell?
Select the candidate cell
No <=[Cons.No Dl Mr. Yes with the highest priority,
Ho Allowed Limit]? No exluding serving cell
[Intrecell HOAllowed]?
Yes Yes
No >= signal quality No >=[Forbidden time
filter length? after MAX Times]?
Yes Yes
No No Dl Mr. in Trigger
current Mr.? No DL Mr. HO
Yes
signal quality filter length:
End For TCH:[Filter Length for TCH Qual]
For SDCCH:[Filter Length for SDCCH Qual]
Data Configuration of No DL MR HO
TA(Time Advance) HO
Handover
Triggering
TA(s) TA(n)
Handover Triggering Zone
TA Threshold(n)
TA Threshold(s)
or
Time
TA(Time Advance) HO
Begin
No Is [TA HO Allowed] Select the cell with the

Yes ? highest priority in the
Yes cadidate cell list
No The actual TA >=

End Yes
[TA Threshold]? Is serving cell?
No
Yes
TA(n is in the same BTS) Yes
No
Any neighbour cell <=[TA Threshold](s)?
exist? No
Yes
No Suitable cell
exist?
Yes
Trigger
TA handover
Data Configuration of TA HO
Interference Handover
RX_Lev
Handover Triggering
Zone
Lev_Thr
Qual_Thr Rx_Qual
Interference
Origin
Interference HO
Begin
Select the cell with the

No Is [Interference HO highest priority in the
Allowed] Yes ? cadidate cell list
Yes
Yes No
Is serving cell?
No UL or DL receiving
End
Quality(s)>=A?
No Rx_Level(n)>=
Yes No
[Intracell HO Allowed] yes [Inter-layer HO Threshold](n) +
& cell not punished? [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis](n)?
No
Any neighbour cell
exist? Yes Yes
Yes
No Any suitable cell
None AMR FR: exist?
A = RXQUALn, 1<=n<=12 Yes
AMR FR: Trigger
A = RXQUAL1, n=1; interference handover
A = RXQUALn + RXLEVoff, 2<=n<=12
Data Configuration of Interference HO
Default Value
Receiving Level(-110dBm) Receiving Quality
Parameter
RXQUAL1 <=30 70
RXQUAL2 =31 60
RXQUAL3 32~35 59
RXQUAL4 36~38 58
RXQUAL5 39~41 57
RXQUAL6 42~45 40
RXQUAL7 46~48 55
RXQUAL8 49~52 54
RXQUAL9 53~55 53
RXQUAL10 56~58 52
RXQUAL11 59~62 51
RXQUAL12 >=63 50
Data Configuration of Interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Begin
No [Rx_Level_Drop HO Select the cell with the

Allowed] Yes ? highest priority in the
Satisfy the Formula&

No The lastest RX_LEV_UL(s) < Yes No
End Is serving cell?
[Edge HO UL RX_LEV Threshold]?
No Priority is higher than

End
Yes serving cell?
No
Any neighbour cell Yes
exist? Trigger
Yes Rx_Level_Drop handover
A1 10X 1 A2 10X 2 A3 10X 3 A4 10X 4

Formula:
A5 10X 5 A6 10X 6 A7 10X 7 A8 10X 8 B
Data Configuration of Rx_Level_Drop HO
BQ(Bad Quality) HO
Begin
No Is [BQ HO Allowed]
Yes ? Select the cell with the
highest priority in the
UL_Rx_Q(s)>=[UL Qual.
No
End Threshold] or DL_Rx_Q(s) Yes No
>=[DL Qual. Threshold]? Is serving cell?
RX_LEV_DL (n) >

Yes No RX_LEV_DL (s) No
[Intracell HO Allowed] yes
+ Inter-cell HO hysteresis(s)
No & cell not punished?
Any neighbour cell -BQ HO Margin(s) ?
exist? Yes Yes
Yes
No Suitable cell
exist?
Yes
Trigger
BQ handover
Data Configuration of BQ HO
General HO Process
Dedicated Mode

Normal HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
3 Handover Judgment
TA HO Layer HO

MS Goes into New
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Enhanced dual band cell is two different band cells which locate a
common site, and have the same azimuth.
Purpose
During the procedure of channel assignment and handover,

900M cell and 1800M cell can share their resource.
Assign the channel with low load in UL to MS preferentially.
Make MS handover from the high load cell to the low load cell.
Channel Assignment of Enhanced Dual Band HO
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in UL)
Begin
from UL
No [Assignment Optimization Yes

of UL Subcell Allowed
or not] ?
No Cell load of UL > Yes

[UL Subcell General
Overload Threshold(%)]?
Yes
No
A
Assign TCH in UL
or direct retry identification No Any idle TCH Yes
or queuing Available in OL?
Assign TCH
in OL
RX_LEV_OL>= [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)] and
A:
RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) >[Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Attention:
RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and layer
with underlaid subcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is -110dBm
If [ATCBHoSwitch] is [Close], the second condition is turn off.
Data Configuration of Channel
Assignment
Assignment
Channel Assignment of Enhanced Dual Band HO
TCH assignment (SDCCH channel in OL)
Begin
from OL
No [Assignment Optimization Yes

of OL Subcell Allowed or
not ] No ?
Cell load of UL<
Yes No
[UL Subcell Lower
Load Threshold]?
Assign TCH
in UL Yes Any idle TCH No
Available in OL?
Assign TCH
in OL
Assign TCH in OL
No Any idle TCH Yes
or direct retry identification Available in UL?
or queuing
Assign TCH
in UL
Assignment
Enhanced Dual Band HO
Classification of TCH HO in enhanced dual band HO
UL to OL
for high load in UL
OL to UL
for low load in UL OL to UL for moving
Enhanced Dual Band HO(UO )
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from UL to OL for high load in UL
Enhanced Dual Band HO(UO )
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from UL to OL for high load in UL
[Load HO From UL Subcell No

Begin to OL Subcell Allowed] Yes ? End
Yes
Refresh cell load Yes Cell load of UL>=[UL Subcell No

per second Serious Overload Threshold(%)]?
B-C B
No Cell load of UL>=[UL Subcell

General Overload Threshold(%)]?
Adjust HO zone basing
on HO step and HO period
Yes
No A & Satisfy P/N & Yes No
not within penalty time? Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
B=[UL Subcell Load Hierarchical HO Period(s)] Trigger
C=[Modified Step Length of UL Load HO Period(s)] UL to OL
HO step: [Step Length of UL Subcell Load HO(dB)]
HO zone: [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)]~-47dBm
HO Period: [UL Subcell Load Hierarchical HO Period(s)]
RX_LEV_OL >= [Incoming OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)] and
A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) > [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Data Configuration of Enhanced Dual
Band HO(UO )
Band HO(UO )
Enhanced Dual Band HO(OU )
Triggering condition for TCH HO from OL to UL for moving
Begin
Yes
No
A End
Yes
No
Satisfy P/N?
Generally, Object cell maybe UL
Yes or other neighbor cell is
Select Neighbor cell
with the highest priority
Trigger
OL to UL
RX_LEV_OL <[Outgoing OL Subcell HO level Threshold(dB)] or

A:
RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) < [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
[Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Band HO(OU )
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from OL to UL for low load in UL
Triggering condition for TCH Load HO from OL to UL for low load in UL
Begin
End
[Load HO of OL Subcell No
to UL Subcell Enable] Yes ?
Confirm:
Yes HO zone and HO step
Refresh cell load
No
per second Any MS in HO zone?
Yes
No Cell load of UL <[UL Subcell The object cell must be
Lower Load Threshold(%)]? the underlaid subcell Trigger OL to UL
and satisfy condition A
Yes
No
Satisfy P/N?
Yes
HO zone: [Outgoing OL Subcell HO Level Threshold(dB)] ~ -47dBm

HO step: [Step Length of OL Subcell Load HO(dB)]
A: RX_LEV_UL >= Inter-layer HO Threshold + Inter-layer HO Hysteresis
Band HO(OU )
General HO Process
Dedicated Mode

Normal HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
3 Handover Judgment
TA HO Layer HO

MS Goes into New
Load HO
Handover triggering zone
Load of Serving Cell Load of Neighboring Cell
Load HO Threshold
Load Req. on Candidate Cell
Time
Normal Cell Congested Cell
Congested Cell
Congested Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
Load HO
As load HO may trigger several HOs, we need to consider the
CPU load (system flow level) before triggering it. In addition, load
HO is executed step by step, that is, the edge HO thrsh. raises
according to certain step and period and will stop when out of the
Load HO Zone.
Load HO zone Normal HO border
Cell A Cell B
Load HO bandwidth
CONF_HO_RXLEV+CLS_Offset Edge HO threshold
CONF_HO_RXLEV
CONF_HO_RXLEV+CLS_Ramp
Load HO step level
Load HO
Normal Cell
Congested Cell
Normal Cell
Normal Cell
Load HO
Begin
Select the cell with the highest
No Is [Load HO Allowed] priority in the cadidate cell list
Yes ?
Yes
Yes
Is serving cell?
Current system flux<=
End [System Flux Threshold No
No for Load HO]?
Yes No
Yes BSC internal cell?
No No
No Load of service cell >= C&D C
[Load HO Threshold]?
Yes Yes
Yes
No Load HO timer No Suitable cell Yes Trigger
T begin? End
exist? load handover
Star timer T Yes
No Load HO timer Yes
B: [Edge HO_DL_RX_LEV Threshod]<DL_RX_Lev(s)
T overflow? < [Edge HO_DL_RX_LEV Threshod]+A
C: RX_LEV (n)>= [Inter-layer HO Threshold] +
Caculate A= Caculate A=
T [Inter-layer HO Hysteresis]
( 1) Step [Load HO Bandwidth]
D: load(n)< Load Req. on Candidate Cell
Period
Step: [Load HO Step Level]
No Yes Period: [Load HO Step Period]
B
[Load HO Bandwidth]
Step A [Load HO Bandwidth] 0 T ( 1) Period
Step
Data Configuration of Load HO
General HO Process
Dedicated Mode

Normal HO
Direct Retry
Emergency HO
3 Handover Judgment
TA HO Layer HO

MS Goes into New
Edge Handover
Handover
RX_Lev Triggering
RX_LEV Thr
Time
P/N
P: Watch Time
N: Valid Time
Edge HO
Begin
No
Is [Fringe HO Allowed]
Select cell(n) whose 16 bit value is
Yes ?
Yes higher than serving cell and
whose level satifys P/N rule(n)
Yes Refresh basing on A
UL_Rx_Lev(s) < [Edge HO
UL RX_LEV Threshod]? its timer
No No
Any neighbor cell?
Yes
Satisfy P/N rule(s)?
Yes
No Trigger
DL_Rx_Lev(s) < [Edge HO Yes Refresh Edge handover
DL RX_LEV Threshod]? its timer
No
No
End Satisfy P/N rule(s)?
A: DL_Rx_Lev(n)>
Yes DL_Rx_Lev(s)+[Inter-cell HO Hysteresis]
Data Configuration of Edge HO
[Edge HO UL/DL RX-LEV

Threshold]<[UL/DL RX_LEV Lower
Threshold] in HWII/III power control tabel
Should be lower than the[Outgoing OL

Subcell HO Level Threshold(dB)] in
enhance dual band data table
MS Fast-Moving Handover
Handover
Time Triggering
Time
Threshold
1 1 2 3 Cells Number
P/N
P: Watch Cells
N: Valid Cells
Umbrella Cell
Micro Cell
MS Fast-Moving Handover
Begin
No Is [MS Fast Moving HO

Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
Yes Is the target cell
the serving cell?
No
Yes Is the serving Refresh timer(s)

cell on layer 4?
No
End
Is the best neighbor No
Yes
cell is the last
original cell?
No Yes Select the neighbor cell with the highest priority &
Satisfy P / N rule? on the 4th layer & satisfy RX_LEV(n)>= Inter-layer
HO threshold(n) + Inter-layer HO hysterisis(n)
No Yes Trigger MS fast-

Any cell satisfy the
condition above? moving handover
Data Configuration of MS Fast-moving
Handover
Layer HO
GSM900 Cell
Lay 3
GSM1800 Cell
Lay 2
Layer HO
Begin
Is [Level HO No
Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
No
Any neighbor cell exit? End
Yes
No
16 bit valu(n)<
16 bit value(s)l? Identify the next cell
Yes
A & ( layer(n)< layer(s) No

or level(n)<level(s) )?
Yes
No
Satisfy P/N rule(n)?
Yes
Trigger A: RX_LEV(n)>= Inter-layer HO threshold(n)
layer handover + Inter-layer HO hysterisis(n)
PBGT HO Handover
Triggering
Path Loss (dB)
PBGT HO 5
Threshold
Time
P/N
P: Watch Time
N: Valid Time
126-119=7dB>5dB
126dB 119dB
PBGT HO
Is [PBGT HO No
Begin
Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
Is current channel Yes
End
signal channel?
No
Search next
neighborcell
No
No layer(n)=layer(s)& Satisfy P / N rule?

level(n)=level(s)? Yes
Yes
Trigger
No PBGT HO
Path loss (s) Path loss (n)
>PBGT HO Threshold
Yes
Refresh timer(s)
Data Configuration of PBGT HO
Data Configuration of PBGT HO
Concentric Cell
Purposes
Maximize coverage area
Reduce interference and improve frequency reuse density
Construction methods
Different combiner loss
Different propagation loss
Modify the transmission power of TRX, the down tilt of antennas, etc.
By HO parameters
Overlaid
Underlaid
Classification and HO Judgment of
Concentric Cell

Normal concentric cell
Enhance concentric cell
Receiving level Receiving level
Time advance Time advance
Quality Quality
ATCB
Cell load of underlaid
Data Configuration of Concentric Cell
Normal Concentric Cell HO
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink
receive level ,TA value and quality.
underlaid
Receiving Level Threshold
Receiving Level Hysteresis
Receiving Qaulityl Threshold
TA Threshold
overlaid
TA Hysteresis
Normal Concentric Cell HO
U to O O to U
Normal Concentric Cell HO(OU )
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid
No
[OL to UL HO Yes [Penalty Time of OtoU No
Begin Allowed] Yes ? HO Fail(s)] overflow ? End
Yes
No [RX_LEV for UO No [RX_QUAL for UO [TA for UO HO No

HO Allowed] Yes? HO Allowed] Yes? Allowed] Yes?
Yes Yes
Rx_Dl_Level<=[RX_LEV thshold] No
-[RX_LEV Hysteresis]
Rx_Dl_Quality>= Current TA>=[TA Threshold]+No
[RX_QUAL Treshold]? [TA Hysteresis]?
Yes Yes Yes
No
P/N rule? End
Yes
Trigger OL to UL
Normal Concentric Cell HO(UO )
Criterion for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid
[Penalty Time of UtoO No

Begin HO Fail(s)] overflow ?
Yes
[UL to OL HO Yes Time of HO failure< No
Allowed] Yes ? [MaxRetry Time after UtoO Fail]? End
No Yes
Yes Rx_Dl_Level >= No
End [RX_LEV for UO [RX_LEV Threshold] +
HO Allowed] Yes? [RX_LEV Hysteresis]
No Yes
Yes Rx_Dl_Qual<= No
[RX_QUAL for UO [RX_QUAL Treshold]?
HO Allowed] Yes?
No Yes
[TA for UO HO Yes Current TA<=[TA Threshold]- No
Allowed] Yes? [TA Hysteresis]?
No
No
P/N rule?
Yes
Trigger UL to OL
Data Configuration of Normal
Concentric Cell HO
Concentric Cell HO
Concentric Cell HO
Enhance Concentric Cell HO
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS downlink
receive level, quality, TA value and cell load of underlaid.
underlaid
U to O HO Receiving Level Threshold
O to U HO Receiving Level Hysteresis
Receiving Qaulityl Threshold
TA Threshold
overlaid
TA Hysteresis
Enhance Concentric Cell HO
Classification of TCH HO in enhance concentric cell HO
U to O
for high load in U
O to U O to U
for moving for low load in U
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(UO )
Flow for TCH HO from underlaid to overlaid for high load in UL
[Penalty Time of UtoO No
Begin HO Fail(s)] overflow ?
Yes
[UL to OL HO Yes Time of HO failure< No
Allowed] Yes ? [MaxRetry Time after UtoO Fail]? End
No Yes
End [RX_LEV for UO Yes Rx_Dl_Level>[UtoO HO No
HO Allowed] Yes? Received Level Threshold]
No Yes
Yes No
[ATCBHoSwitch] Open? A
No Yes
Yes Rx_Dl_Qual< No
[RX_QUAL for UO [RX_QUAL Treshold]?
HO Allowed] Yes?
No Yes
[TA for UO HO Yes Current TA<[TA Threshold]- No
Allowed] Yes? [TA Hysteresis]?
No Yes
Yes Go to the user selection
P/N rule? flow in the next slide
A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) >[Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]

RX_LEV (n): RX_LEV of the strongest neighboring cell which has the same frequency band and layer
with underlaid subcell, but locates in a different BTS. If there is no such a cell, this value is -110dBm
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(UO )
User selection flow from UL to OL for high load in UL
[UtoO Traffice
Begin HO Allowed] Yes ?
Yes End
Refresh cell load
per second
Yes Cell load of UL>=[En Iuo Out No

Cell Serious OverLoad Thred]?
No Cell load of UL>=[En Iuo Out
Cell General OverLoad Thred]? (B-1)/second B
Yes
No
B=[Underlay HO Step Period(s)] Any MS in HO zone?
HO step: [Underlay HO Step Level]
Yes
HO period: B-1 or B
Trigger
HO zone: begin from -47dBm UL to OL
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(OU )
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for low load in underlaid
[UtoO Traffice
Begin HO Allowed] Yes ?
Yes No End
[OL to UL HO
Allowed] Yes ?
Yes
Refresh cell load
per second
No
Any MS in HO zone?
No Cell load of UL<[En Iuo Out
Cell Low Load Thred]?
Yes
Yes Trigger
UL to OL
HO period: [En Iuo Cell Load Classification HO Period]

HO step: [En Iuo Cell Load Classification HO Step]
HO zone: begin from[OtoU HO Received Level Threshold] to -47dBm
Enhance Concentric Cell HO(OU )
Flow for TCH HO from overlaid to underlaid for moving
No
[OL to UL HO Yes [Penalty Time of OtoU No
Begin Allowed] Yes ? HO Fail(s)] overflow ? End
Yes
No [RX_LEV for UO No No [RX_QUAL for UO [TA for UO HO No

HO Allowed] Yes? [ATCBHoSwitch] Allowed] Yes?
Open? HO Allowed] Yes?
Yes Yes
No No Rx_Dl_Qual> No
Rx_Dl_Level>[OtoU HO A Current TA>[TA Threshold]+
Received Level Threshold] [RX_QUAL Treshold]? [TA Hysteresis]?
Yes Yes Yes Yes
No
P/N rule? End
Yes
Select the underlaid subcell or
the neighbour cell with the Trigger OL to UL
highst priority in 16 bits list
A: RX_LEV_UL RX_LEV (n) < [Distance Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
[Distance Hysteresis Between Boundaries of UL and OL Subcells(dB)]
Data Configuration of Enhance
Concentric Cell HO
Concentric Cell HO
Concentric Cell HO
Concentric Cell HO
Concentric Cell HO
Concentric Cell HO
Concentric Cell HO
Channel Assignment strategies of
Concentric HO
Channel Assignment Strategies of Concentric HO
Intra-BSC Incoming
Immediate Inter-cell
Assignment Cell
Assignment Handover Handover
Immediate Assignment
The preferred SDCCH channel in two layers is controlled by
parameter TA pref. Of Imme-Assign Allowed
If "No", system prefers the channel in Underlaid subcell
If Yes", system prefers the channel according to in Channel

Request message
TA bigger TA smaller
Data Configuration of Immediate
Assignment
Assignment
Preferred assignment in the overlay or underlay cell
Assign the channel of overlay or underlay cell according

to the Rx_level and TA in the measurement report
TA smaller and
Rx-level higher
Data Configuration of Assignment
Intra-BSC Inter-Cell Handover
In the case of intra-BSC inter-cell handover, the MS can be
handed over to the underlay or overlay cell first.
If System Optimization is selected, the preferred assignment is

conducted according to the level value in the measurement report.
According to the Rx-level

overlaid
Overlaid
Underlaid
Data Configuration of Intra-BSC Inter-
Cell Handover
Inter-BSC Handover
For the inter-BSC Handover, if the target cell is concentric cell , the
channel of underlay cell should be assigned first.
BSC1 BSC2
Assign underlaid first

overlaid
Overlaid
Underlaid
Data Configuration of Inter-BSC Inter-
Cell Handover
AMR Handover Flow
Begin
No Are [Intracell HO
Allowed] & [Intracell F-H HO
Allowed Yes ?
Yes
No
End Is current channel
TCH & version3?
Yes
Yes During [Penalty Time A: Cell load > [AMR TCH/H Prior
after AMR TCHF-H HO Cell Load Threshold]
Fail(s)]?
No
Yes No
current channel is FR
No No
RQI/2 >[F2H HO th] & A RQI/2 <[H2F HO th] End
Yes Yes
No Yes Trigger internal cell

Satisfy P/N rule?
AMR handover
Data Configuration of AMR HO
Data Configuration of AMR HO
General HO Process
3 Handover Judgment
Handover Implementation
Begin
No Is [Power boost befor HO Yes

enabled or notYes ?
BTS(s) keeps current BTS(s) uses the max.

power output For BTS power output
BSC send HO
Command to MS
No power control HO execute

during handover in order to make
sure the handover is successful
Data Configuration of Handover
Implementation(BTS)
Handover Implementation
Begin
No Is [MS Power Prediction Yes

after HO Yes ?
MS uses the highest

power to access For MS BSC predict power
BSC send HO MS will use this predict

Command to MS power in new cell after
finishing this handover
No power control HO execute

during handover in order to make
sure the handover is successful
Implementation(MS)
Implementation(MS)
Summary
In this course, we have learned:
Classification of HO
HO general procedure
HO judgment algorithm
HO implementation process
HO data configuration
Thank you
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GSM Handover

Copyright 2008 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Handover algorithm in Huawei product is flexible and powerful.

Outline the types of handover

Master handover judgment flow

Understand algorithm of different handovers

Explain HO data configuration

To improve network service performance

To reduce the call drop rate

To reduce the congestion rate

MSC NSS Network MSC

BSC BSC BSC

Case 2 Case 3 Case 4

Intra Cell HO ( HRFR)

Inter Cell HO TCH TCH

2.2 Measure and Measurement Result Report

2.3 Measurement Report Preprocessing

2.4 Handover Judgment

2.5 Handover Implementation

1 Measure and Measurement Result Report

2 Measurement Report Preprocessing

MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode

1 Measure and Measurement Result Report

2 Measurement Report Preprocessing

MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode

Downlink MR includes downlink receiving level, downlink

The downlink measurement report

The interval is 480ms/per time when MS is on TCH

The interval is 470ms/per time when MS is on SDCCH

480ms 4 TCH Multi-

12TCH 1SACCH 12TCH 1 Idle

1 Measure and Measurement Result Report

2 Measurement Report Preprocessing

MS Goes into New Dedicated Mode

1 Measure and Measurement

Rx_Level_Drop HO Concentric Cell HO

Concentric Punish on other

This is to avoid the MS to select this cell again in next HO judgment.

Overlaid Do not attempt

Max. consecutive HO times: 3

1 Measure and Measurement

Rx_Level_Drop HO Concentric Cell HO

Basic ranking Network feature adjustment

M rule 16 bits ranking

The ranking result: target cell selection of handover

Finish to all Yes

If the cell flow is overload ?

RX_LEV_DL(n) < [Min DL Power Yes Delete this cell from

For service cell:

Cell F Serving Cell Cell D

The bit value indicates the priority of downlink receiving level

Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell ( of the

Yes Is serving cell? No

RX_LEV_DL (n) >=

So there are 64 different priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.

Umbrella Cell GSM 900 Layer 4

GSM 900 GSM 900

GSM1800 GSM1800 GSM1800

GSM900 GSM900 GSM900 GSM900

Yes 11th bit is

No Cell load >= [Load cell load >=[ Load Rep. No

set to 0 set to 1 set to 1 set to 0

The same BSC: Different BSC: Different MSC:

See 14th bit