BY

M.Mathan- 13MI06
S.Vignesh -13MI11
D.Vinod kumar-13MI12
 The coolant temperature sensor(CTS) is used to measure the temperature of the engine
coolant of an internal combustion engine.
The CTS is a simple thermistor which means its resistance changes based on its
temperature.
The ECM supplies the CTS with a ground and a small voltage reference signal.
The readings from this sensor are then fed back to the ECU.
 The Camshaft sensor determines which cylinder is firing to establish injector
synchronization and coil firing sequence in DIS systems.
A Hall-sensor can be used to measure magnetic field strength.
In the use for automotive applications the sensor placed next or opposite of a permanent
magnet.
When a metal object passes the sensor, the magnetic field is disrupted.
The sensor electronics convert the disruption of the magnetic field to a digital signal by
pulling a voltage from the ECU to ground depending on the magnetic field strength.
 Crankshaft sensors set ignition timing, supply the RPM signal, and determine engine
speed.
The Crankshaft Position sensor is normally located in the timing cover or on the side of
the block with a cylindrical portion that inserts into the block.
Commonly a hall effect sensor is used, which is placed adjacent to a spinning steel disk.
Other detection principles can be employed such as an optical sensor or inductive sensor.
 The Throttle Position sensor moves with the throttle and sends a voltage signal to the
computer indicating throttle angle and speed of movement data.
The computer uses this data to measure engine load, adjust timing, fuel delivery, EGR,
converter clutch operation and clear flood mode.
 An oxygen sensor (or lambda sensor) is an electronic device that measures
the proportion of oxygen (O2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed
This sensor does not actually measure oxygen concentration, but rather the
difference between the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gas and the
amount of oxygen in air.
The sensors only work effectively when heated to approximately 316 C
(600 F), so most newer lambda probes have heating elements encased in
the ceramic that bring the ceramic tip up to temperature quickly
The zirconia lambda sensor is based on a solid-state
electrochemical fuel cell called the Nernst cell .

Its two electrodes provide an output voltage corresponding

to the quantity of oxygen in the exhaust relative to that in the
atmosphere.

An output voltage of 0.2 V (200 mV) DC represents a "lean

mixture" of fuel and oxygen, where the amount of oxygen
entering the cylinder is sufficient to fully oxidize the carbon
monoxide(CO), produced in burning the air and fuel, into carbon
dioxide(CO2).
 An output voltage of 0.8 V (800 mV) DC represents a "rich mixture", one
which is high in unburned fuel and low in remaining oxygen. The ideal set
point is approximately 0.45 V (450 mV) DC
 This sensor creates a voltage signal based on the vibrations caused by
detonation.
The Knock sensor is typically located in the lower engine block, cylinder
head or intake manifold.
This sensor is a piezo-electric unit designed to generate a voltage when it
detects a vibration
 The air inside the intake manifold pressure is sensed by the Manifold Absolute Pressure
sensor
The MAP sensor is a strain gauge which changes its output voltage based on the
amount of vacuum or boost it is connected
This vacuum/boost signal moves a silicon diaphragm inside the MAP sensor which is
connected to piezo-electric circuit
 An ignition coil in automobile's ignition system which transforms the battery' slow
voltage to the thousands of volts needed to create an electric spark in the spark plugs to
ignite the fuel.
Some coils have an internal resistor while others rely on a resistor wire or an external
resistor to limit the current flowing into the coil from the car's 12 volt supply.
 An idle air control actuator or idle air control valve (IAC actuator/valve) is a device
commonly used in fuel-injected vehicles to control the engine's idling RPM.
In carbureted vehicles a similar device known as an idle speed control actuator is used.
the valve is fitted such that it bypasses the actual throttle valve.
The actuator consists of a solenoid that controls a plunger/valve which variably restricts
air flow through the device's body.
Electric current through the solenoid determines how much (or less) the plunger constricts
air-flow which means that the amount by which the valve opens can be controlled by an
electric current.
Thus, the ECU can control the amount of air that bypasses the throttle when the throttle is
fully closed, thereby controlling the engine's idle RPM.