Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Contributions:
1. From the Chinese - The civil service examination.
2. From the Assyrians Cuneiform writing
3. From the Egyptians Pictographic & Hieroglyphic writing
EDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE
Contribution:
1. Made education available to masses
2. Organization of school system ( Saxony Plan, later Wurttemberg Plan)
3. Parents were obliged to send children to school
COUNTER-REFORMATION MOVEMENT
Aim: Religious moralism to develop an unquestioning
obedience to the authority of the church.
Type/Content:
Religious and moral education
Agencies/Methods:
a. Jesuits-Doing small amount of work at a time,
doing it well and making sure it is retained
b. Christian Brothers-Grade pupils according to
abilities
c. Jansenists-Nothing is to be memorized unless
understood
Contribution:
Discipline among Catholic schools was firm but free
from brutality.
REALISTIC MOVEMENT
Three Groups
1. Humanistic or literary realists
2. Social realists
3. Sense realists
Aims:
1.Knowledge and understanding human society
through the study of literature ( Vives, Rabelais and
Milton)
2.To prepare aristocratic youth for the life of a
gentleman in the world affairs( Michael de Montaigne)
3. To develop a harmonious society working in
accordance with natural and universal law (Bacon,
Comenius, Mulcaster and Ratke)
FORMAL DISCIPLINE
Aim: Formation of character or habits through exercises of the
mind, body and self-control
Types/Content
Physical, moral and intellectual development through mastery
of linguistics and mathematics
Agencies
Grammar schools- England
Gymnasium- Germany
Lycees- France
Tutorial System
Methods
Lockes three steps of learning:
Sensation, memory and reasoning
The use of corporal punishment in case of obstinacy
(stubbornness)
Contribution: The value of drill subjects such as spelling,
mathematics and grammar to enhance memorizing, reasoning,
analyzing and problem solving skills.
RATIONALISM
Aim: To develop an individual capable of controlling all aspects of
his life by reason, suppressing passions and feelings, to live in
a highly artificial world.
Content
Results to the creation of a group of intellectual aristocrats
called illuminati
Old moral values were replaced by sexual laxity, immodesty,
infidelity, and extravagance.
Implication
Upheld the right of an individual to his own opinion, liberty of
conscience, and freedom of thought
Rationalist Thinkers
1. Rene Descartes Cogito ergo sum I think, therefore I
exist
b. REALISM
The philosophical doctrine that universals have a real
objective existence. It is based on what is real as they
are; something that exists independently of all other
things and from which all others are derived.
Some realist thinkers:
a. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS- According to him, matter
which is the material substance out of which the world
was made, did not co-exist with God before the
creation of the universe.
b. JOHN AMOS COMENIUS The mind of man is like a
spherical, mirror suspended in a room which reflects
images of all things that are around it. Father of Modern
Education.
c. RENE DESCARTES- Believes that the physical world is
real and his senses are not deceived.
d. BARUCH SPINOZA- Believes that there is only one
substance and this is his being identical with God.
e. JOHN LOCKE- Believes that there are no innate ideas in
the mind. At birth, it is just similar to a blank sheet of paper
(tabula rasa) upon which the world writes its impressions.
f. IMMANUEL KANT- Our sensory experience and
perceptions are representations of the external world and
not direct representations of it. Our experience of the
world is private.
c. IDEALISM
Reality is composed of thought related to mind and
idea, and that matter is just an appearance. Reality is
spirit. Act of knowing takes place in the mind.
Contemporary Idealist:
GEORGE BERKELEY
Considered as the founder of modern idealism.
Believes that the fundamental element of the world is
not matter but spirit or mind.
d. PRAGMATISM OR EXPERIMENTALISM
A philosophical movement stressing practical
consequences as constituting the essential criterion in
determining meaning, truth or values. This was
primarily an American philosophical movement
formulated by CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE.
WILLIAM JAMES
For him, the test of a theory, doctrine or belief must be
its results. The only reason that we have for asserting
that anything is true is whether it works.
e. INSTRUMENTALISM
According to JOHN DEWEY, what constitutes our brute
or animalistic experience is the interaction between a
biological organism and its environment. Experience is
not an object known, but rather, an action performed.
He proposed that the educational system should try to
develop methods for problem solving. If the student
learned how to solve problems, presumably he would
be better fit for living in our ever-changing world with
its manifold perplexities.
For him knowledge is not an end but an instrument an
individual can utilize to attain his desired goal. It
emphasizes the importance of experience,
experimentation, and learning by doing which brought
tremendous influence on the learner.
f. EXISTENTIALISM
A modern movement encompassing the doctrine that individual
existence determines essence, that man has no absolute
freedom of choice but there are no rational criteria serving as a
basis for choice.
Two prominent exponents of existentialism:
1. SOREN KIERKEGAARD-For him, man is a subjective thinker
and comprehends himself not as an abstraction but as an
ethically engaged existing subject. An authentic choice is
fundamentally a product of passion and zealous intention.
2. FRIEDRICH NIETZSHE- He sees that the nature of man
makes him vulnerable to deficiencies which have to be
corrected to produce a superior race. He said that traditional
morality is the reason of an inferior race of man. Nature is
beyond good and evil; all men are unequal; morality is an
invention of the weak to limit and deter the strong; that power is
the supreme virtue and the supreme desire of man; and that of
all forms of government, the wisest and most natural is
aristocracy.
OTHER PROMINENT EXISTENTIALISTS
It is learned.
It is transmitted / transferable.
It is social.
It is adaptive.
It is dynamic.
It is universal.
Sociology
Social Stratification
-Refers to the classification of group
members according to certain criteria which
may differ according to the nature of the group.
Social process
a. Family
The smallest social institution whose members are
united by blood, marriage, or adoption, constituting a
household and carrying a common culture whose
functions include:
-Providing needed socialization of children in terms
of roles and status.
-Transmission of culture
- Providing opportunities for growth and development
of personality, self-concept in relation to others.
b. School
An agency originated by the society for the
basic function of teaching and learning and for
the enculturation of its members.
A place where attitudes , behaviors, customs
and values are processed and refined.
An agent of :
Socialization
Cultural transmission
Cultural and social change
Modernization
c. Church
Prepares the people spiritually.
Change
Denotes a making or becoming distinctly different
and implies either a radical transmutation of character
or replacement with something else.
For change to be successfully initiated and
managed , 3 important components have to be
present:
a. relevance
b. readiness
c. resources
Reactions to Change
a. Passive resistance
No verbal resistance but no cooperation shown
either.
b. Active resistance
Verbal concrete actions present (rallies, petition
papers etc).
c. Passive readiness
Follow with questions.
d. Active readiness
Questions but cooperates
Stages of Change
1. Unfreezing (readiness)
Positive attitude
Concern for Accuracy
Habit of Breaking the Problem Into Parts
Avoidance of Guessing
Active Problem Solving