Lecture 1 Op-Amp

Introduction of Operation Amplifier (Op-

Amp)
Analysis of ideal Op-Amp applications
Comparison of ideal and non-ideal Op-Amp
Non-ideal Op-Amp consideration

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 1

 Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Very high differential gain +Vcc
Input 1
High input impedance +
Vo
Low output impedance Vd Output
Provide voltage changes
Input 2
(amplitude and polarity)
Rin~inf -Vcc Rout~0
Used in oscillator, filter
and instrumentation Vo GdVd
Accumulate a very high Gd : differenti al gain normally
gain by multiple stages 5
ver y large, say 10

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 2

 IC Product

OFFSET OUTPUT A 1 8 V+
NULL
1 8 N.C.

-IN 2 7 V+ -IN A 2 7 OUTPUT B

+
+IN 3 + 6 OUTPUT
+IN A 3 6 -IN B

OFFSET V 4 + 5 +IN B
V 4 5 NULL

DIP-741 Dual op-amp 1458 device

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 3

 Single-Ended Input
+
V o + terminal : Source
~ Vi terminal : Ground
0o phase change

+
Vo
+ terminal : Ground
terminal : Source

180o phase change
~
V i

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 4

 Double-Ended Input
Differential input
+
V d V Vd V V
o
~
0o phase shift change
between Vo and Vd

+
Vo
Qu: What Vo should be if,

~ V1 V 2

~
V 2
V 1

Ans: (A or B) ?
Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier
(A) (B) 5
 Distortion
+V =+5V cc

+5V
+
V o
V d 0

5V

V =5V cc

The output voltage never excess the DC

voltage supply of the Op-Amp

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 6

 Common-Mode Operation
Same voltage source is applied +
at both terminals V o

Ideally, two input are equally

amplified
Output voltage is ideally zero
due to differential voltage is
zero
Practically, a small output
signal can still be measured
V i ~
Note for differential circuits:
Opposite inputs : highly amplified
Common inputs : slightly amplified
Common-Mode Rejection

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 7

Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Differential voltage input : Noninverting
Vd V V Input +
Output
Common voltage input : Inverting
1 Input
Vc (V V )
2 Common-mode rejection ratio:
Gd G
Output voltage : CMRR 20 log 10 d (dB)
Gc Gc
Vo Gd Vd GcVc
Note:
Gd : Differential gain When Gd >> Gc or CMRR
Gc : Common mode gain Vo = GdVd
Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 8
 CMRR Example
What is the CMRR?
100V + 100V +
80600V 60700V
20V 40V

Solution :
Vd 1 100 20 80V Vd 2 100 40 60V
(1) (2)
100 20 100 40
Vc1 60V Vc 2 70V
2 2
From (1) Vo 80Gd 60Gc 80600V
From (2) Vo 60Gd 70Gc 60700V
Gd 1000 and Gc 10 CMRR 20 log( 1000 / 10) 40dB
NB: This method is Not work! Why?

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 9

 Op-Amp Properties
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain V1
+
- The gain without feedback Vo
- Equal to differential gain V2
- Zero common-mode gain
- Pratically, Gd = 20,000 to 200,000
i1~0 +
(2) Infinite Input impedance Vo
- Input current ii ~0A i2~0
- T- in high-grade op-amp
- m-A input current in low-grade op-amp
Rout
(3) Zero Output Impedance
- act as perfect internal voltage source Vo' +
Rload
- No internal resistance
- Output impedance in series with load
- Reducing output voltage to the load Rload
- Practically, Rout ~ 20-100 Vload Vo
Rload Rout
Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 10
 Frequency-Gain Relation
Ideally, signals are amplified
from DC to the highest AC 20log(0.707)=3dB
(Voltage Gain)
frequency
Gd
Practically, bandwidth is limited 0.707Gd
741 family op-amp have an limit
bandwidth of few KHz.
Unity Gain frequency f1: the
gain at unity
Cutoff frequency fc: the gain 1
drop by 3dB from dc gain Gd 0 fc f1
(frequency)

GB Product : f1 = Gd fc

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 11

 GB Product
Example: Determine the cutoff frequency of an op-amp
having a unit gain frequency f1 = 10 MHz and voltage
differential gain Gd = 20V/mV
(Voltage Gain)
Sol: ? Hz
Gd
Since f1 = 10 MHz 0.707Gd
By using GB production equation
f1 = Gd fc
10MHz
fc = f1 / Gd = 10 MHz / 20 V/mV
1
= 10 106 / 20 103
0 fc f1
= 500 Hz (frequency)

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 12

 Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp
Ideal Practical Ideal op-amp
+ AVin
Open Loop gain A 105
Vin ~ Vout
Bandwidth BW 10-100Hz Zout=0

Input Impedance Zin >1M

Output Impedance Zout 0 10-100
Practical op-amp
Output Voltage Vout Depends only Depends slightly +
on Vd = (V+V) on average input Zin Zout
Differential Vc = (V++V)/2 Vin Vout
~
mode signal Common-Mode
signal AVin
CMRR 10-100dB

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 13

 Ideal Op-Amp Applications
Analysis Method :
Two ideal Op-Amp Properties:
(1) The voltage between V+ and V is zero V+ = V
(2) The current into both V+ and V termainals is zero

For ideal Op-Amp circuit:

(1) Write the kirchhoff node equation at the noninverting
terminal V+
(2) Write the kirchhoff node eqaution at the inverting
terminal V
(3) Set V+ = V and solve for the desired closed-loop gain

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 14

 Noninverting Amplifier
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+
yields, V V
V in +
i V
o

(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V
yields, V 0 V Vo Ra Rf
0
Ra Rf

(3) Setting V+ = V yields

Vi Vi Vo Vo Rf
0 or 1
Ra Rf Vi Ra

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 15

 v+ v+
vi + vi +
vo R1 v-
vo
v-

R2

Ra Rf Ra Rf

Noninverting amplifier Noninverting input with voltage divider

Rf Rf R2
vo (1 )vi vo (1 )( )vi
Ra Ra R1 R2

v+ v+
vi + v i +
vo R1
v-
vo
v- R

2

Rf R f

Less than unity gain

Voltage follower
vo vi vo
R2
vi
R1 R2
Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 16
 Inverting Amplifier
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+ Rf
yields, V 0 Ra


V o
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V V ~ in +
yields, Vin V_ V V
o 0
Ra Rf

(3) Setting V+ = V yields Notice: The closed-loop gain Vo/Vin is

Vo R f dependent upon the ratio of two resistors,
and is independent of the open-loop gain.
Vin Ra This is caused by the use of feedback output
voltage to subtract from the input voltage.

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 17

 Multiple Inputs
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V+ Rf
yields, V 0
Va Ra

Rb
(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V
Vb
Rc V o
Vc +
yields,
V_ Vo V Va V Vb V Vc
0
Rf Ra Rb Rc

(3) Setting V+ = V yields

Va Vb Vc c V
Vo R f R f
j

Ra Rb Rc j a R j

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 18

 Inverting Integrator
Now replace resistors Ra and Rf by complex Zf
components Za and Zf, respectively, therefore Za
Zf
Supposing Vo Vin V
o
Za
(i) The feedback component is a capacitor C, in V ~ +
i.e.,
1
Zf
jC
(ii) The input component is a resistor R, Za = R
Therefore, the closed-loop gain (Vo/Vin) become:
C
1 R
vo (t )
RC vi (t )dt
where
vi (t ) Vi e jt
V
o

What happens if Za = 1/jC whereas, Zf = R? V ~ in +

Inverting differentiator

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 19

 Op-Amp Integrator
Example:
C 0.01F
(a) Determine the rate of change +5V R
of the output voltage. 0
100s
V
i
10 k
V o
(b) Draw the output waveform.
+
Vo(max)=10 V
Solution:
(a) Rate of change of the output voltage
Vo V 5V
i +5V
t RC (10 k)(0.01 F)
50 mV/ s
0 V i
0
(b) In 100 s, the voltage decrease -5V

Vo (50 mV/ s)(100s) 5V

-10V V o

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 20

 Op-Amp Differentiator
R
C
0
to t1 t2 V
i V
o 0
+
to t1 t2

dV
vo i RC
dt

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 21

 Non-ideal case (Inverting Amplifier)
Rf Practical op-amp
Ra +
Zin Zout
V o Vin
~
Vout
Vin ~ + AVin

Equivalent Circuit
Rf 3 categories are considering
Ra Close-Loop Voltage Gain
V in Input impedance
R R
V V o Output impedance
+ +
-AV

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 22

 Close-Loop Gain
Applied KCL at V terminal, Rf
Vin V V Vo V V
Ra

0 in
R R
Ra R Rf V Vo

By using the open loop gain, + +

-AV
Vo AV
Vin Vo V V V Ra Rf
o o o 0
Vin
Ra ARa AR R f AR f V o

R R Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Vin Vo f V R
Ra ARa R R f
The Close-Loop Gain, Av
Vo AR R f
Av
Vin R R f Ra R f Ra R ARa R
Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 23
 Close-Loop Gain
When the open loop gain is very large, the above equation become,
Rf
Av ~
Ra

Note : The close-loop gain now reduce to the same form

as an ideal case

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 24

 Input Impedance
Rf
Input Impedance can be regarded as, Ra

Rin Ra R // R V in
V R
R V o

where R is the equivalent impedance + +

-AV
of the red box circuit, that is
V
R R'
if
However, with the below circuit,
V ( AV ) i f ( R f Ro ) if Rf

V R f Ro
R R
if 1 A V
+
-AV

Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 25

 Input Impedance
Finally, we find the input impedance as,
1
1 1 A R ( R f Ro )
Rin Ra

Rin Ra

R R f Ro
R f Ro (1 A) R
Since, R f Ro (1 A) R , Rin become,
( R f Ro )
Rin ~ Ra
(1 A)
Again with R f Ro (1 A)
Rin ~ Ra

Note: The op-amp can provide an impedance isolated from

input to output
Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 26
 Output Impedance
Only source-free output impedance would be considered,
i.e. Vi is assumed to be 0
Rf
Firstly, with figure (a), Ra
V
Ra // R
Vo V
Ra R
Vo R R io
R f Ra // R Ra R f Ra R R f R V
V o
+
By using KCL, io = i1+ i2 -AV
Vo V ( AV )
io o
R f Ra // R f Ro
By substitute the equation from Fig. (a),
The output impedance, Rout is i2 R i1
Rf
Vo Ro ( Ra R f Ra R R f R ) V
V V
io (1 Ro )( Ra R f Ra R R f R ) (1 A) Ra R +
Ra R -AV
R and A comparably large,
Ro ( Ra R f )
Rout ~
Ref:080114HKN ARa Operational Amplifier (a) (b) 27