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Conduction without
Thermal Energy Generation
Chapter Three
Sections 3.1 through 3.4
Methodology
Common Geometries:
The Plane Wall: Described in rectangular (x) coordinate. Area
perpendicular to direction of heat transfer is constant (independent of x).
The Tube Wall: Radial conduction through tube wall.
The Spherical Shell: Radial conduction through shell wall.
Plane Wall
The Plane Wall
Consider a plane wall between two fluids of different temperature:
Heat Equation:
d dT
k 0 (3.1)
dx dx
Implications:
Heat flux qx is independent of x.
Heat rate qx is independent of x.
Boundary Conditions: T 0 Ts,1, T L Ts,2
1 L 1
Rtot (3.12)
h1 A kA h 2 A
T,1 T,2
qx (3.11)
Rtot
Plane Wall (cont.)
Contact Resistance:
TA TB Rt,c
Rt,c Rt ,c
qx Ac
Values depend on: Materials A and B, surface finishes, interstitial conditions, and
contact pressure (Tables 3.1 and 3.2)
Plane Wall (cont.) Composite Wall with Negligible
Contact Resistance:
T,1 T,4
qx (3.14)
Rt
1 1 LA LB LC 1 Rtot
Rt Rtot
A h1 k A k B kC h4 A
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U) :
A modified form of Newtons law of cooling to encompass multiple resistances
to heat transfer.
qx UAToverall (3.17)
1
Rtot (3.19)
UA
Plane Wall (cont.)
Porous Media
Saturated media
consist of a solid
phase and a single
fluid phase.
Unsaturated media
consist of solid, liquid,
and gas phases.
The effective thermal conductivity of a saturated medium depends on the solid (s)
material, its porosity , its morphology, as well as the interstitial fluid (f) (Fig.a).
keff A
qx T1 T2 (3.21)
L
The value of keff may be bracketed by describing the medium with a series
resistance analysis (Fig. b) and a parallel resistance analysis (Fig.c).
The value of keff may be estimated by k f 2ks 2 (ks k f )
keff ks
k f 2ks (ks k f )
(3.25)
0.25
Tube Wall
The Tube Wall
Heat Equation:
1 d dT
kr 0 (3.28)
r dr dr
What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of qr with
r in the wall?
Is the foregoing conclusion consistent with the energy conservation requirement?
How does qr vary with r ?
Temperature Distribution for Constant k :
Ts ,1 Ts ,2 r
T r ln Ts ,2 (3.31)
ln r1 / r2 r2
Tube Wall (cont.)
qr k
dT
k
dr r ln r2 / r1
Ts,1 Ts,2 [W/m2]
2 k
qr 2 rqr
ln r2 / r1
Ts ,1 Ts ,2 [W/m]
2 Lk
qr 2 rLqr
ln r2 / r1
Ts,1 Ts,2 [W] (3.32)
Conduction Resistance:
ln r2 / r1
Rt ,cond [K/W] (3.33)
2 Lk
ln r2 / r1
Rt,cond [m K/W]
2 k
Why doesnt a surface area appear in the expressions for the thermal
resistance?
Tube Wall (cont.)
T,1 T,4
qr
Rtot
UA T,1 T,4 (3.35)
Note that
For the temperature distribution
1
UA Rtot shown, kA > kB > kC.
Heat Equation
1 d 2 dT
2 dr
r 0
r dr
What does the form of the heat equation tell us about the variation of
qr with r ? Is this result consistent with conservation of energy?
dT
qr k 2
k
dr r 1/ r1 1/ r2
Ts ,1 Ts ,2
4 k
qr 4 r 2qr T T
1/ r1 1/ r2 s,1 s,2
(3.40)
Rt ,cond
1/ r1 1/ r2 (3.41)
4 k
Composite Shell:
Toverall
qr UAToverall
Rtot
UA Rtot 1 Constant
1
Ui Ai Rtot Depends on Ai
Problem: Thermal Barrier Coating
Schematic:
ANALYSIS: For a unit area, the total thermal resistance with the TBC is
,w = ho-1 + L k + Rt,c
Rtot + L k + hi-1
Zr In
,w = 10-3 3.85 10-4 10-4 2 10-4 2 10-3 m 2 K W = 3.6910-3 m 2 K W
Rtot
T ,o - T ,i 1300 K
=
qw = 3.52 105 W m 2
,w
Rtot 3.69 103 m 2 K W
3.52 105 W m2
Ts,i(w) = T,i + qw hi 400 K
1104 K
500 W m2 K / W
Ts,o(w) = T ,i + 1 hi + L k In qw
400 K 2 103 2 104 m2 K W 3.52 105 W m2 1174 K <
Problem: Thermal Barrier Coating (cont..)
3
,wo = ho + L k In + hi 3.20 10 K
Rtot
-1 -1
m
2
W
T ,o T ,i
qwo
Rtot,wo 4.06105 W/m2
The inner and outer surface temperatures of the Inconel are then
Ts,o (wo) T ,i 1 hi L
k In qwo
1293 K <
Use of the TBC facilitates operation of the Inconel below Tmax = 1250 K.
PROPERTIES: Table A-1, Lead: k = 35.3 W/mK, MP = 601 K; St.St.: k = 15.1 W/mK.
Rconv 1/ 4 0.312 m2 500 W/m2 K 0.00166 K/W