APERTURE ANTENNA

WHAT IS AN ANTENNA?

A DEVICE FOR RADIATING AND RECEIVING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

IT IS AN ELECTRICAL DEVICE WHICH ALSO OPTIMIZES AND CONTROLS THE
EMITTED RADIATION .
IT CONVERTS ELECTRICAL POWER INTO RADIO WAVES AND VICE-VERSA
ANTENNA DESIGN PATTERNS

Antenna pattern-The strength of the radiation field in different directions

Radiation efficiency-The total power radiated to the driving power
The impedance of the antenna to match it to the transmission lines.
The voltage and current spatial distribution on the antenna to avoid heating or
breakdown
 TYPES OF ANTENNAS

HALF WAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA

FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
ISOTROPIC ANTENNA
LOOP ANTENNA
ARRAY ANTENNAS
PARABOLIC ANTENNAS
ETC.
 ANETNNAS

Log-periodic antenna Parabolic antenna

Tower mounted with
voice and data
antenna
WHAT IS AN APERTURE?

APERTURE IS AN OPENING OR GAP.

FOR EXAMPLE : A SPACE THROUGH
WHICH LIGHT PASSES IN AN OPTICAL
OR PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENT,
ESPECIALLY THE VARIABLE OPENING
BY WHICH LIGHT ENTERS A CAMERA.
WHAT IS AN APERTURE ANTENNA?

APERTURE ANTENNAS EMIT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES THROUGH AN OPENING (OR

APERTURE).
USED IN AIRCRAFTS, SPACESHIPS OR IN AN ARRAY.
APERTURE ANTENNAS ARE COMMONLY USED AT ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY(UHF) .
HORNS, WAVEGUIDE APERTURES, REFLECTORS ARE EXAMPLES OF APERTURE ANTENNAS.
 TYPES OF APERTURE ANTENNAS

HORN ANTENNA Conical antenna Reflector antenna

 RADIATION CHARACTERISTICS OF APERTURE
ANTENNAS

CURRENT DISTRIBUTION IS NOT KNOWN

ALTERNATE METHOD IS USED FOR DETERMINING THE RADIATION
CHARACTERISTICS
WHICH IS
FIELD EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE ( HUYGENS PRINCIPLE )
ORIGIN OF FIELD EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE

The starting point of the field

equivalence principle is the Huygens
principle stated for light waves. This
states that "each point on a primary
wave front can be considered to be a
new source of a secondary spherical
wave and that a secondary wave
front can be constructed as the
envelop of these secondary spherical
waves."
FIELD EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE

Actual sources such as an

antenna or transmitter are
replaced by equivalent
fictitious sources which
are equivalent within the
same region because
they produce the same
fields Actual problem Equivalent problem
 BASE OF FIELD EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE

UNIQUENESS THEOREM
A solution is said to be unique if it is the only one possible among a given
class of solutions. The EM field in a given region V s is unique if
- all sources are given;
- either the tangential E tan components or the tangential H tan
components are specified at the boundary S