C Programming

Module 1: Introduction to C
Agenda

1 Introduction to C Programming

2 Data Types & I/O Operations

3 Conditional & Iterative constructs

4 Logical Operators & Formatted I/O

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 Introduction to C Programming

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Objectives

In this session, you will learn to:

Describe the evolution of the C programming language
Describe C as a second-generation as well as a third-generation language

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Evolution ???

Ken Thompson created the B

language in 1969 from Martin Martin Richard
Richard's BCPL

Dennis Ritchie of Bell

Laboratories later converted B
into C by retaining most of B's
syntax in 1972 and wrote the
first compiler.

Ken Thompson & Dennis Ritchie

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A very Small history

Originally used to develop UNIX and modern operating systems

Standardized using ANSI standards in 1989, updated in 1999

Modern C compilers adhere to ANSI C standards and provide additional

features

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Nature of the C Language

From its evolution, it was natural for C to exhibit the powerful low-level
features of second generation languages like pointers, bit manipulation etc.

It also supports conditional constructs, loop constructs, a rich list of

operators, and a variety of data types that is so typical of any third
generation language.

The combined features of second and third generation language make C a

very powerful and a flexible language.

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Nature of the C Language (Contd.).

These features of C make it possible to use the language for systems

programming like development of compilers, interpreters, operating
systems, graphics and general utilities.

It is also ideal for a host of applications in the commercial environment.

Much of the Unix operating system has been written in the C language.

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Block Structured Nature of C

The basic unit of code in C is written as a C function, that can in turn be

used as building blocks to write more C functions, thus facilitating modular
programming.

C provides all features of structured programming such as writing

programs as functions, functions returning values, functions defining its
own local variables etc.

C language offers only a handful of functions that form the core of the
language; rest of the functions, available as part of the language libraries, are
developed using the core functions, thus expanding the scope of the
language.

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Block Structured Nature of C (Contd.).

This promotes functionally cohesive code and therefore, facilitates

reusability.

Thus standalone functions can be written as part of a library that can be

deployed in other applications.

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The C Language: Features

Pointers: In addition to referencing a memory location through a variable

name, the C language allows reference to a memory location by its internal
address, or byte number called a pointer.

Memory Allocation: Generally, in most programming languages, memory

is assigned to a variable name at the time of definition. C allows dynamic
allocation of memory; i.e., a C program can request the operating system
to release memory for the use of the program at the time of execution.

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The C Language: Features

Recursion: In C, a function can call itself. Such functions are called

recursive functions.

Bit Manipulation: C allows manipulation of data in its lowest form of

storage; i.e., it is possible to manipulate the bits within a byte using bit shift
operators (right bit shift, left bit shift operators), and the bitwise or |,
bitwise exclusive or ^, and the bitwise and & operator.

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The C Language: Features (Contd.).

Keywords: There are only 32 keywords, i.e., reserved words that cannot
be used as a variable declaration. The C99 has introduced five additional
keywords.
(inline, restrict, _Bool, _Complex and _Imaginary).
Library Functions: C is accompanied by a number of library functions to
carry out various commonly used operations. These functions are not part
of the language, but are supplied as a part of C compiler. Features which
tend to be computer-dependent are generally written as library functions.

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The Hello World Program

/* Comment statements */ /* The Hello World program */

Preprocessor directives # include <stdio.h>
main() main()
{ {
Program statements; printf(Hello World\n);
} }

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Factored Code: An Example

/* Comment statements */ /* A sample C program */

Preprocessor directives # include <stdio.h>
Function prototypes; int sum();
global variable declarations; int a=10, b=20;
main() main()
{ {
local variable declarations; int c;
Program statements; c = sum();
} printf(%d+%d = %d \n,a,b,c);
}
[Additional functions .] int sum()
{
return(a+b);
}

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