Depthteam Express: Fast and Easy Depth Conversion For Interpreters

DepthTeam Express
Fast and easy depth conversion for interpreters

R. Sigit
DepthTeam Solutions
Outline
Overview of DepthTeam Express
Whats New in the Latest Version?
How does Calibration work?
Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Velocities
Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Structures
Beyond DepthTeam Express

DepthTeam Solutions
Outline

DepthTeam Solutions
Workflow Continuum
Cost
Accuracy
Time
Requirements
Geologic
Complexity
DepthTeam Solutions
Workflow Continuum
Cost
Accuracy
Time
Requirements DepthTeam
Geologic Extreme
Complexity DepthTeam
Explorer
DepthTeam
DepthTeam Interpreter
Express
DepthTeam Express
Objective
Construct a velocity model as quickly as possible,
using as much data as possible.
Detail
DepthTeam Express
General Information
Incorporates major sources of velocity information
Seismic Velocities
T/D Curves (Checkshot corrected sonic logs)
Well Tops
Enhanced Integration
One data loader for all data types
3D Voxcet Velocity Representation

Arbitrary X,Y,Z,V velocity cube
Model Calibration
Vertical depth conversion will tie well control.
DepthTeam Express
Enhanced Integration
Makes data loading simple!
OpenWorks
SeisWorks
EarthCube
ProMAX
Sierra
Workflow Managers
Model Manager
Workflow Managers
Model Manager
Pick Manager
Workflow Managers
Model Manager
Pick Manager
Time/Depth Function Manager

Workflow Managers
Model Manager
Pick Manager
Surface Manager
Workflow Managers
Model Manager
Pick Manager
Surface Manager
Velocity Cube Manager

DepthTeam Express
Data Used to Build Your Model
Incorporates three major sources of velocity information
Data Type Contribution

Seismic Velocities Lateral Variations
T/D Curves Vertical Variations
Well Tops Accuracy
Each data type makes an important

contribution to the final velocity model!
DepthTeam Express
Model Building Workflow
Depth Conversion
(TDQ, SeisWorks, EarthCube)
Well Picks
Pseudo-velocity Model Final Calibrated Velocity Model
(Seismic Velocities,
Calibration
T/D Curves, and
Well Picks)
Calibrated Velocity Model
(Seismic Velocities
and T/D Curves)
T/D Curve
Velocity Model
Calibration
Seismic Velocities
or
Analytic Velocity Model
DepthTeam Express
Depth Conversion
Well Picks
Calibration
T/D Curves, and
Well Picks)
(Seismic Velocities
and T/D Curves)
T/D Curve
Velocity Model
Calibration
Seismic Velocities
or
DepthTeam Express
Depth Conversion
Well Picks
Calibration
T/D Curves, and
Well Picks)
(Seismic Velocities
and T/D Curves)
T/D Curve
Velocity Model
Calibration
Seismic Velocities
or
DepthTeam Express
Seismic Velocity Model
Load Stacking Velocities
DepthTeam Express
Seismic Velocity Model
Constrained Dix Inversion
Contributes Lateral Velocity Trends

DepthTeam Express
Depth Conversion
Well Picks
Calibration
T/D Curves, and
Well Picks)
(Seismic Velocities
and T/D Curves)
T/D Curve
Velocity Model
Calibration
Seismic Velocities
or
DepthTeam Express
T/D Curve Velocity Model
Automatically convert T/D curves to interval velocity
DepthTeam Express
T/D Curve Velocity Model
Use surfaces to structurally interpolate velocities
Contributes Vertical Velocity Variations

DepthTeam Express
Depth Conversion
Well Picks
Calibration
T/D Curves, and
Well Picks)
(Seismic Velocities
and T/D Curves)
T/D Curve
Velocity Model
Calibration
Seismic Velocities
or
DepthTeam Express
Well Picks Velocity Model
Time Horizons Required!
Vpseudo = Depth Thickness/ Time Thickness
= Isopach / Isochron
Associate a time horizon with a depth pick.
Isopachs and isochrons are automatically calculated at each

well location.
May need to use SynTool to determine time/depth

associations.
DepthTeam Express
DepthTeam Express
Pseudo-velocity Model
Contributes Accuracy Model Ties Well Control

DepthTeam Express
Depth Conversion
Well Picks
Calibration
T/D Curves, and
Well Picks)
(Seismic Velocities
and T/D Curves)
T/D Curve
Velocity Model
Calibration
Seismic Velocities
or
DepthTeam Express
Seismic Velocity Cube
DepthTeam Express
T/D Velocity Cube
DepthTeam Express
Calibration: Seismic and T/D Velocities
DepthTeam Express
Calibration: Seismic, T/D, Well Picks
DepthTeam Express
Depth Conversion
Well Picks
Calibration
T/D Curves, and
Well Picks)
(Seismic Velocities
and T/D Curves)
T/D Curve
Velocity Model
Calibration
Seismic Velocities
or
DepthTeam Express
Vertical Depth Conversion
DepthTeam Express
Conclusions
Easy to learn
Easy to use
May not be appropriate for every situation

High Resolution
Big Data Volumes
Complex Structures
Very useful tool for most situations
Give it a try!
DepthTeam Solutions
Outline

DepthTeam Express
1998.6 - Whats New?
Highlights:
Significant improvements in performance (5x)

- you can now make bigger, more detailed models
Stacking Velocity Function Manager

you can now see and edit your stacking velocities
Consistent use of Tables

- data managers, reports, data loading
- sorting data, selected items to top
- search, filter
Well Pick Interpolators

- Linear, First-order, Sierra gridder
Data Storage
- Everything loaded gets saved whether its used or not
DepthTeam Solutions
Outline

DepthTeam Express
How does Calibration Work?
Click me.
DepthTeam Solutions
Outline

DepthTeam Express
Working with Complex Velocities
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock vs. Soft-Rock
Hard-Rock:
The velocity remains the same, regardless of where the rock is.
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3000 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3000 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3000 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3000 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3000 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3500 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3500 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3500 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3500 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Hard-Rock:
3500 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
The velocity changes, depending on the depth of burial.

Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
1580 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
3800 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
2760 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
1600 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
5000 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
1700 - 1800 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
3500 - 4200 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
2250 - 3700 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
1800 - 3900 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
1650 - 4000 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
1650 m/sec
1800 m/sec
3500 m/sec
4000 m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Soft-Rock:
1650 m/sec
1800 m/sec Water Bottom
3500 m/sec
4000 m/sec
Soft-Rock Cross Section

Complex Velocities
In most areas, the velocity is a combination of hard-rock and soft-rock

Soft-rock near the surface, hard-rock in deeper areas.
1650 m/sec
1800 m/sec
2500 m/sec
3600 m/sec
3200 m/sec
3500
4200m/sec
m/sec
Cross Section
Complex Velocities

1650 m/sec Water Bottom

1800 m/sec
Soft-Rock
2500 m/sec
3600 m/sec
3200 m/sec
4200 m/sec
Hard-Rock
Cross Section
Complex Velocities

There may also be small stringers of hard-rock within soft-rock.
Water Bottom
Sand Channel
Salt
Reef
Shale / Coals
Cross Section
Complex Velocities

There may also be small stringers of hard-rock within soft-rock.
Gas can cause strange soft-rock effects!
Gas Water Bottom
Gas
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
How do you tell hard-rock from soft-rock?
Velocity (m/sec)
Look at the Well Logs
OpenWorks Curve Viewer Soft Rock
Look at the T/D Tables

DepthTeam Express Function Viewer
Depth (m)
If you see a trend like this on your
log curves, be sure to interpret a
seismic horizon associated with
this depth!
Hard Rock
Complex Velocities
Velocity (m/sec)
Straight-line will not fit data.
Why not?
Time (ms)
Complex Velocities
Analytic Velocity Equations
Linear compaction gradient in depth
equals EXPONENTIAL compaction gradient in time.
Vint = Vo + KZ Equation for gradient in depth
Vint = Vo Exp(KT) Equation for gradient in time
These two equations give the same result!
One is in depth, one is in time

Complex Velocities
Linear compaction gradient in depth
Vint = Vo + KZ Equation for gradient in depth
Gradient (K):
Complex Velocities
Exponential compaction gradient in time (linear in depth)
Vint = Vo Exp(KT) Equation for gradient in time
Gradient (K):
Complex Velocities
Velocity (m/sec)
Why not?
Time (ms)
The vertical axis is in TIME, not DEPTH
An exponential curve will fit the data

properly.
Complex Velocities
Velocity (m/sec)
Why not?
Time (ms)
The vertical axis is in TIME, not DEPTH
An exponential curve will fit the data

properly.
Sometimes these gradients are

misinterpreted!
Complex Velocities
Velocity (m/sec)
Soft Rock
Exponential curves in Time are vertical

compaction gradients in Depth.
Time (ms)
If you see a trend like this on your
T/D Curves, be sure to interpret
this horizon on your seismic data!
Hard Rock
Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Correct Sampling is Important!
Bad sampling may cause you to miss important features!
Gas Water Bottom
Gas
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Gas Water Bottom
Gas
Correctly Sampled Cross Section

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Gas Water Bottom
Gas
Poorly Sampled Cross Section

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Gas Water Bottom
Gas

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Gas Water Bottom
Gas

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Water Bottom
Gas

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Water Bottom
Gas

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Water Bottom

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
The objects that are left may be distorted due to under sampling!
Water Bottom
This model still

ties the wells
pretty good,
but volumetric
estimates will
be inaccurate
away from well
control!
Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Gas Water Bottom
Gas This model ties

the wells
better, and is
more accurate
away from the
wells.
Correctly Sampled Cross Section

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Lateral Sampling
At least two grid nodes covering the smallest velocity feature you want to
include in the model.
Gas Water Bottom
Gas
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Lateral Sampling
Gas Sag
Time Horizon - Contour Map

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Lateral Sampling
2000 meters
Gas Sag
1000 meters

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Lateral Sampling
2000 meters Easting: 1000m
Gas Sag
1000 meters
Northing: 500m

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Lateral Sampling
Gas Sag
Easting: 1000m

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Lateral Sampling
Gas Sag
Northing: 500m

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Lateral Sampling
Gas Sag
Easting: 1000m
Northing: 500m

Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Vertical Sampling
At least two grid nodes covering the smallest vertical feature you want to
Gas Water Bottom
Gas
Cross Section
Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Vertical Sampling
At least two grid nodes covering the smallest
Velocity (m/sec)
vertical feature you want to include in the
model.
Vertical sampling = 50 msec
Time (ms)
MODEL
T/D Curve
Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Vertical Sampling
Velocity (m/sec)
model.
Time (ms)
MODEL
T/D Curve
Complex Velocities
Model Resolution
Vertical Sampling
Velocity (m/sec)
model.
As vertical sampling decreases, the
Time (ms)
model comes closer to matching the
checkshot.
MODEL
T/D Curve
Complex Velocities
Data Problems
Even with correct sampling, you may not observe velocity anomalies
if they are of limited extent.
Why?
If the velocity anomaly is not recorded somehow, it will be

impossible to model it!
Wells not logged over entire model interval
Checkshot surveys not recorded from top to bottom of the well
Wells do not penetrate velocity anomaly (gas, sand channels, etc.)
Seismic velocities create the best stack; not the most accurate
velocity model
Complex Velocities
Data Problems
If you didnt record it, you cant model it!
Gas Sag The gas velocity

lPetronas #1 anomaly was not
recorded by these
wells, so the velocity
model will not include
the gas sag.
lPetronas #2 lPetronas #3
Complex Velocities
Data Problems
If you didnt record it, you cant model it!
Gas Sag The gas anomaly can be

lPetronas #1 included in the model,
provided that the model
is properly sampled, and
the well data properly
recorded.
lPetronas #4
lPetronas #2 lPetronas #3
Complex Velocities
Data Problems
Petronas #4 Well - Two checkshots
Velocity (m/sec) Velocity (m/sec)
Time (ms)
Time (ms)
Checkshot recorded Checkshot recorded

only within pay zone top to bottom
Complex Velocities
Data Problems
T/D tie to top pay is the same in both checkshots.
Time (ms)
Time (ms)
Top Pay

Complex Velocities
Data Problems
Suite of checkshots that all have the same tie at Top Pay.
Time (ms)
Time (ms)
Top Pay

Complex Velocities
Data Problems
Suite of checkshots that all have the same tie at Top Pay.
Velocity (m/sec)
Which one is right?
How do you know?
If you dont log the entire well,

Time (ms)
you dont know which is right!
Top Pay
Checkshot recorded
only within pay zone
Complex Velocities
Data Problems
If possible, log the entire borehole.
Typically this is not done, due to high costs.
Logging the entire well is less important for the well just drilled, but
very important to build an accurate velocity model for the next well.
Trends extrapolated from one well can affect the velocity model
away from that well. This can change estimated thickness,
volumetrics, etc.
Complex Velocities
Things to remember
Always try to determine if your geologic area is
dominated by hard-rocks or soft-rocks.
Usually, geologic areas are a mixture of hard and soft

rock environments.
Young sediments are often soft-rock, old sediments are

often hard rock. Carbonates are usually hard-rock.
Soft-Rock
Hard-Rock
Complex Velocities
Things to remember
If possible, log wells from top to bottom of Velocity (m/sec)
the well.
If possible, run checkshot surveys from
Time (ms)
top to bottom of the well.
Some velocity effects are difficult to

record, but still cause significant distortions
on the seismic data. Shallow gas is especially
problematic.
Checkshot recorded
If possible, try to include as many sources only within pay zone
of velocity as you can.
DepthTeam Solutions
Outline

DepthTeam Express
Working with Complex Structures
Click me.
Final Thoughts
Calibration
Remember:
Its easy to tie wells.
The hard part is what happens away from the wells!
All three maps tie the wells - Which one is right?

How do you know?
Final Thoughts
Calibration
Important!
Dont be tricked into thinking that your model is correct, just
because it ties well control!
All three maps tie the wells - Which one is right?

How do you know?
Final Thoughts... Interpretation Uncertainty
Velocity Estimation
Depth Conversion Method
Amount of error Anisotropy
Gridding Errors
Well Deviation Uncertainty
Wavelet Estimation
Well Log Interpretation...
Source of error
Work on the biggest source of error first. Move on to next

biggest source of error ONLY after the most significant
source of error has been addressed.
Final Thoughts...
Amount of error
Source of error
Dont worry about this...

Final Thoughts...
Amount of error
Source of error
if you havent corrected for this.

DepthTeam Solutions
Outline

Zero-offset Ray Tracing with Salim
DepthTeam Solutions
Salims Big Adventure into Ray Tracing!
DepthTeam Solutions
Validating 2D Data
Problem:
2D Seismic Data can be difficult to interpret.
Reflections often come from out of the plane (sideswipe)

DepthTeam Solutions
Validating 2D Data
Problem:
2D Seismic Data can be difficult to interpret.
Reflections often come from out of the plane (sideswipe)
Seismic data can have multiple reflections!

DepthTeam Solutions
Validating 2D Data
Solution:
Use DepthTeam Express to build a model
Ray-trace validate the model using QUIKRAY+

Ray Tracing in QUIK+
Forward Modeling
Forward vs. Inverse Modeling
Z Forward Modeling
Simulates seismic response of the earth.
Earth Model (Generates synthetic seismic data)
Inverse Modeling T
Simulates the earth from a seismic response.
Seismic Section
(Generates an earth model in depth)
Zero offset ray tracing
Source and receivers are at the same surface location.
Downgoing and upgoing rays follow identical paths.

Offset ray tracing
Source and receivers are not at the same location.
Simulates pre-stack seismic data (shot gathers, CMP gathers,

receiver gathers, VSPs, etc.)
Image Rays
Rays shot from surface to reflector.
Rays begin perpendicular to surface.
Simulates time migrated data.

Normal Rays
Rays shot from reflector back to surface.
Rays begin perpendicular to reflector.
Simulates Stacked (unmigrated) data.

Modules
QUIKRAY+
Image Ray Tracing
simulates poststack time migrated data.
Useful for validating vertical depth conversion (TDQ)
Normal Incidence
simulates unmigrated (stacked) data.
Useful for validating quality of 2D seismic lines (sideswipe)

DepthTeam Solutions
Salims Big Adventure into Ray Tracing!
Velocity Estimation Techniques
Dix Inversion
Description
Interval velocity estimation technique derived from RMS (stacking) velocities.
Vi2= (Vrms22*T2 - Vrms12*T1) / (T2 - T1)
Assumptions
CMP gathers follow hyperbolic move-out.
Seismic horizons are flat.
No CDP scatter on CMP gathers.
CMP and CDP are at the same (X,Y) location.
Time maps are zero-offset, UNMIGRATED times.
Hyperbolic Moveout
x2
t 2
t
2
0 2
Vrms
True Seismic Ray Path

=
Straight Path Assumed by NMO
Non-Hyperbolic Moveout
x2
t 2
t
2
0 2
Vrms
True Seismic Ray Path

=\
Straight Path Assumed by NMO
Wave Influenced Delta
Velocity Type
CDP Scatter
CDP Mispositioning
CMPs
CDPs
Unmigrated Times vs Migrated Times
Vrms
Tunmigrated
Unmigrated Interval
Vrms
Tunmigrated
Migrated Interval
Using migrated time maps samples the Vrms

curve at the wrong location and the wrong
thickness.
Amount of incorrect sampling varies with

reflector dip.
Why is this important?
TRUE 1% Error - Vrms2

Time Vrms Vint Vrms Vint Verr Depth Error
1.8 2000 2000
3521 3657 3.8% 13.6 meters!
2.0 2200 2222
Dix Inversion
Strengths
Fast and easy to calculate.
Weaknesses
Rarely are the assumptions of Dix inversion honored by data.
Very unstable. A 1% error in Vrms can lead to a 3-5% error in Vint.
Using time migrated horizons can easily account for 1% Vrms error!
TRUE 1% Error - Vrms2

Time Vrms Vint Vrms Vint Verr Depth Error
1.8 2000 2000
3521 3657 3.8% 13.6 meters!
2.0 2200 2222
Dix Inversion
Use
Depth conversion (if properly reduced and calibrated to well velocities).
Depth imaging (do not calibrate to well velocities).
Comments
Vdix values are typically multiplied by scalar of .85 - 1.00 to better match
well velocities. Shallow intervals honor Dix assumptions better, and do not
require as much reduction as deeper intervals.
Dix velocities can be useful to understand basic trends in interval velocity,

but are typically inaccurate for detailed work.

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DepthTeam Express

Fast and easy depth conversion for interpreters

Overview of DepthTeam Express

Whats New in the Latest Version?

How does Calibration work?

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Velocities

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Structures

Beyond DepthTeam Express

Overview of DepthTeam Express

Whats New in the Latest Version?

How does Calibration work?

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Velocities

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Structures

Beyond DepthTeam Express

3D Voxcet Velocity Representation

Time/Depth Function Manager

Time/Depth Function Manager

Time/Depth Function Manager

Velocity Cube Manager

Data Type Contribution

Each data type makes an important

Contributes Lateral Velocity Trends

Contributes Vertical Velocity Variations

Time Horizons Required!

Vpseudo = Depth Thickness/ Time Thickness

Associate a time horizon with a depth pick.

Isopachs and isochrons are automatically calculated at each

May need to use SynTool to determine time/depth

Contributes Accuracy Model Ties Well Control

May not be appropriate for every situation

Very useful tool for most situations

Overview of DepthTeam Express

Whats New in the Latest Version?

How does Calibration work?

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Velocities

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Structures

Beyond DepthTeam Express

Significant improvements in performance (5x)

Stacking Velocity Function Manager

Consistent use of Tables

Well Pick Interpolators

Overview of DepthTeam Express

Whats New in the Latest Version?

How does Calibration work?

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Velocities

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Structures

Beyond DepthTeam Express

Overview of DepthTeam Express

Whats New in the Latest Version?

How does Calibration work?

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Velocities

Using DepthTeam Express with Complex Structures

Beyond DepthTeam Express

The velocity changes, depending on the depth of burial.

The velocity changes, depending on the depth of burial.

The velocity changes, depending on the depth of burial.

The velocity changes, depending on the depth of burial.

The velocity changes, depending on the depth of burial.

The velocity changes, depending on the depth of burial.

The velocity changes, depending on the depth of burial.

1700 - 1800 m/sec

The velocity changes, depending on the depth of burial.