OVERVIEW:-

AASHTO Code Specifications for Bridge Girder Analysis.

Loads and Load Combinations considered.
Modeling in STAAD Pro and Results.
Design of Plate Girder and components using IS 800.
AASHTO CODE SPECIFICATIONS
 The design loading is designated as HL-93 vehicular loading ( H stands for
Highway, L stands for Loading, and was proposed in the year 1993.)

Components of HL -93 loading are :-

(a) A vehicle, either a 72-kips (8 kip-32kip-32kip) three axle design truck i.e.
HS20-44 OR 50-kip design tandem.
(b) A 0.64-kip/ft uniformly distributed lane load
(Article 3.6.1.2.1 of AASHTO LRFD 6TH Edition)
 The design is to be performed as per the Strength 1 Load Combination
(unless otherwise specified) which represents the random traffic and heaviest
truck to cross the bridge in its 75-year life time. During this live-load event, a
significant wind is not considered probable.

Load Combination :- Strength I-- 1.25DC + 1.5DW + 1.75(LL+IM)

Serviceability II-- DC + DW + 1.30(LL+IM)
DESIGN TRUCK

The axle length is varied from 14

(4.3m) to 30 (9.3m)

DESIGN TANDEM TRUCK

CONTD.

Design Tandem :-
The design tandem consists of a pair of 25-kip axles spaced at 4.0 ft apart.
The transverse spacing of wheels shall be taken as 6.0 ft apart. Also , a
dynamic load allowance must be considered.
(Article 3.6.2 of AASHTO LRFD 6th Edition)

Design Lane Load :-

Design lane load shall consist of a UDL of 0.64 kip/ft in longitudinal direction,
distributed over a width of 10.0 ft.
LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS
 Unless otherwise specified, the extreme force effect shall be taken as the larger of
(a) The effect of design tandem combined with the effect of design lane
load of 0.64 kip/ft
(b) The effect of one design truck with the variable axle spacing as per
Article 3.6.1.2.2
For negative moment between points of contraflexure under a uniform load on all

spans, and reaction at interior piers, 90% of the effect of two trucks spaced at a

min. distance of 50ft between the lead axle of one truck and the rear axle of

another truck, along with 90% of lane load. The distance between 32-kip axles

shall be taken as 14.0 ft.The two trucks shall be placed in adjacent spans to produce extreme force
effect.
 Following loads are considered for the analysis

(1) DC : Dead load of all the components, structural and non-structural

(a) Component dead loads associated with non composite sections include
weight of the girder, weight of wet concrete, forms and other construction
loads
DC = 3 KN/m
(b) Component dead loads associated with composite sections include
weight
of the railing, curb, sidewalk etc.
CONTD.

(2) DW :-
Dead load due to the wearing surfaces.

DW = 20 KN/m

(3) LL :-
Lane Loading of 0.64 kip/ft distributed uniformly

(4) IM :-
Dynamic load allowance due to perturbations, depressions, potholes, unevenness in the surface etc
(For Strength 1 limit state condition, 33% allowance is prescribed by AASHTO)
ANALYSIS
Bending moment and Shear force envelopes were
developed for the following cases:

1. Single Truck + Lane load

2. 90% of effect of Two trucks at spacing of 50ft + Lane load
3. Tandem axle + Lane load
4. Lane load moving along span.
STAAD RESULTS
STAAD results for some cases are shown:

ST = Single truck
LR = Left to Right
9.3 = Axle Spacing
BM=Bending Moment

Bending Moment for ST_LR_9.3_BM

 ST = Single truck
LR = Left to Right
9.3 = Axle Spacing
SF=Shear Force

ST_LR_9.3_SF
 DT = Single truck
LR = Left to Right
4.3 = Axle Spacing
BM=Bending Moment

DT_LR_4.3_BM
 DT = Double truck
LR = Left to Right
4.3 = Axle Spacing
SF=Shear Force

DT_LR_4.3_SF
BM envelope for Tandem axle
SF envelope for Tandem axle
SUMMARY OF THE ANALYSIS RESULTS FROM LOAD
COMBINATIONS:-

Table: Showing the absolute max. BM and Shear for Load cases

Bending moments KN/m

Shear forces - KN
DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDER AND COMPONENTS
 Plate Girder and its components were designed using Simple Post critical
method.

And checked for strength and serviceability criteria.

Loads are given below:

Factored dead load = 1.25(DC)+1.5(DW)

Live Load = 1.5( Vehicle Load)
Factored Bending Moment from analysis = 2270 KN-m
Factored Shear force from analysis = 1100 KN.
STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS :-

Estimate the dead load, live load, moving loads on the girder. From the strength 1 requirements, find
out the load combination. Extract the demands for maximum shear force and maximum bending
moment in the plate girder
Calculate the optimum thickness and depth of the web. Check the web thickness as per Cl. 8.6.1.1 and
8.6.1.2 of IS 800: 2007 and adopt a suitable thickness of web
Select suitable flange plate thickness and width (approx. 0.3 times the depth of web). Check for
satisfying the requirements of section classification (as per Table 2 of IS 800: 2007)
Check for moment capacity. In the following case, it is assumed that the girder is laterally restrained,
so that the lateral torsional buckling is eliminated, and will not govern the design.
STEPS INVOLVED IN DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS (CONTD.) :-

Check for the shear resistance of the web. IS 800: 2007 suggested the use of either Simple post
critical method (Cl. 8.4.2.2 (a)) or the use of Tension Field Action (Cl. 8.4.2.2 (b))
Design of the connection between flange plate and web plate
Design of the bearing stiffeners and their connections
Design of load carrying stiffeners and their connections, if required
Design of intermediate stiffeners and their connections, if required
Design of web and flange splices
SECTION LAYOUT OF PLATE GIRDER DESIGNED:-

The designed Plate Girder is shown below: