355 33 Powerpoint-Slides Chapter6 (XML)

Web Technologies
Uttam K. Roy
Department of Information Technology
Jadavpur University
Kolkata
Oxford University Press 2013

Chapter 6
eXtensible Markup Language

(XML)

An HTML system
HTML
document Web Server
Internet
Web Client
Parser,
formatter,
interface

Role of HTML
HTML
Designed to display data
Focuses on appearance
Has a fixed set of predefined tags
Ambiguity

Role of XML
EXtensible Markup Language
W3C recommendation, 1998
Designed to structure, transport and store data
Transformation and Dynamic data customization
Interoperable way to represent and process
documents (not necessarily on web)
Self descriptive

Example
<note>
<to>John</to>
<from>Ani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Return my book on
Monday</body>
</note>

Another Example
<song>
<title>Requiem</title>
<composer>Mozart</composer>
</song>
Equivalent HTML code:
Requiem is a song composed by

Mozart

Role of XML
Not a replacement of HTML
XML focuses on what data are
HTML focuses on how data look
Tags are custom defined (not predefined)
Functional meaning depends on application
Everything must be marked up correctly

XML and Databases
XML brings benefits of DBs to documents
Schema to model information directly
Formal validation, locking, versioning, rollback...
But
Not all traditional database concepts map
cleanly, because documents are fundamentally
different in some ways

XML Building blocks
Element
Delimited by angular brackets
Identifies the nature of the content it surrounds
General format: <element> </element>
Empty element: <empty-element/>
Attribute
Name-value pairs that occur inside start-tags after
element name, like:
<element attribute=value>

XML Building blocks--Prolog
The part of an XML document that precedes the
XML data
Includes
A declaration: version [, encoding, standalone]
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"
standalone="yes"?>
An optional DTD (Document Type Definition )
<!DOCTYPE greeting SYSTEM "hello.dtd">
Processing Instructions (Optional)
<?xml-stylesheet href="simple.xsl"
type="text/xsl"?>

XML Elements
XML Elements are Extensible

More and more elements may be added to carry more
information
XML Elements have Relationships
Elements are related as parents and children
Elements have Content
Elements can have different types of content:
empty content
simple content
element content
mixed content
attributes
XML elements must follow the naming rules

XML Elements naming rules
Names can only contain letters, digits and some

other special characters.
Names can not start with a number or
punctuation marks
Names must not contain the string xml, XML
or Xml
Names can not contain while space(s).

Anatomy of an element
Element type
Element type
Attribute
(character)
entity
Attribute Attribute
reference
name value
Use a hyphen: .
Start-tag Content End-tag
Element

The Basic Rules
XML is case sensitive
<Message>This is incorrect</message>
<message>This is correct</message>

The Basic Rules
All start tags must have end tags
<composer>Mozart
<composer>Mozart</composer>
Empty Element
 
 
<img align=center
src=logo.gif/>
<composer name=Mozart></composer>
<composer name=Mozart/>
The Basic Rules
Elements must be properly nested
This is incorrect nesting
This is correct nesting

The Basic Rules
XML declaration must be the first statement
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-

8859-1" stAandalone="yes"?>

The Basic Rules
Every document must contain a root element
<root>
<child>
<subchild>.....</subchild>
</child>
</root>

The Basic Rules
Attribute values must be quoted with inverted
commas
<note date="12/11/2007">
<to>Ani</to>
<from>John</from>
</note>

The Basic Rules
Certain characters are reserved for parsing
<message>if salary < 1000 then</message>
<message>if salary < 1000 then</message>

Predefined entities
< < less than

> > greater than
& & &ampersand
' ' apostrophe
" " quotation mark

The Basic Rules
With XML, white space is preserved
With XML, a new line is always stored as LF
Comments in XML: 
Can go almost anywhere (not inside tags)
Schemas can contain comments, too

Common Errors for Element Naming
Do not use white space when creating names

for elements
Element names cannot begin with a digit,
although names can contain digits
Only certain punctuation allowed periods,
colons, and hyphens

XML Attributes
Located in the start tag of elements

Provide additional information about
elements
Often provide information that is not a part
of data
Must be enclosed in quotes
Should I use an element or an attribute?
metadata (data about data) should be stored as attributes, and
that data itself should be stored as elements

Types of XML Documents
XML document
Well Formed XML.
Syntax is correct
Valid XML.
Well formed
Validated against a DTD/Schema

Valid XML
Properties
Well Formed
Comply with the rules defined in a DTD/Schema
Advantage
Clear Understanding
Data verification
Interoperability
Better document processing

XML Validation
XML
document
Optimized
XML XML XML
schema Parser document
Error
messages
xmllint --valid sample.xml

Dislaying XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl"
href="books.xsl"?>
<bookstore>
<book category="literature">
<title lang="beng">Sanchoita</title>
<author>Rabindranath Tagore</author>
<year>2009</year>
<price>200.00</price>
</book>
</bookstore>

Displaying XML
XHTML
XML namespace
XML DOM
XPath
XSL (XSLT+XPath)
Client side
By browser
Explicitly by author (using JavaScript)
Server side
Schema

Displaying XML
XML documents do not carry information
about how to display the data
We can add display information to XML with

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language) --- preferred

XML into HTML
XSLT can transform into (called "output
method"):
XML
HTML
text
Server-side XSLT engine
content in XML
served as HTML
browser never knows

Client-side XSL
XML
XSLT
FO

Server-side XSL
XML XSLT
engine HTML
XSLT

XML DOM
<bookstore>
<book category="COOKING">
<title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title>
<author>Giada De Laurentiis</author>
<year>2005</year>
</book>
<book category="CHILDREN">
<title lang="en">Harry Potter</title>
<author>J K. Rowling</author>
<year>2005</year>
</book>
<book category="WEB">
<title lang="en">Learning XML</title>
<author>Erik T. Ray</author>
<year>2003</year>
</book>
</bookstore>

XML DOM Tree

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Web Technologies

Oxford University Press 2013

eXtensible Markup Language

Oxford University Press 2013

Oxford University Press 2013

Oxford University Press 2013

Oxford University Press 2013

Oxford University Press 2013

Equivalent HTML code:

<p>Requiem is a song composed by

Oxford University Press 2013

Oxford University Press 2013

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Oxford University Press 2013

XML Elements are Extensible

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Names can only contain letters, digits and some

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<b><i>This is correct nesting</i></b>

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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-

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<message>if salary < 1000 then</message>

<message>if salary &lt; 1000 then</message>

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&lt; < less than

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Do not use white space when creating names

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Located in the start tag of elements

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xmllint --valid sample.xml

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We can add display information to XML with

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<message>if salary < 1000 then</message>

< < less than