1 Agricultural Extension

PROFESSIONAL BOARD EXAM
FOR
AGRICULTURISTS
Review Materials
(AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION)
Prepared by:
Dr. BLANDA R. SUMAYAO
Retired Professor
University of the Philippines Los Baos
College, Laguna 1
AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION
IN A NUTSHELL
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Has
its
own
HISTORY
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is
oriented
towards a
GOAL
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works
according
to
PRINCIPLES
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is
based
on
THEORIES
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performs
FUNCTIONS
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takes
on
VARIOUS
FORMS
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Chooses
METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
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uses
suitable
TOOLS
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Is
practiced
within
EXTENSION APPROACHES
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EARLY BEGINNINGS
(Europe and the USA)
started from DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
originated from UNIVERSITIES
thus derived from EDUCATIONAL
DEVELOPMENTS in these universities
hence, is an EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
aimed at changing BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
A. Stirrings in the 19th century England

In 1840s
The term UNIVERSITY EXTENSION was first
commonly used in BRITAIN
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In 1850s
Discussions began in two ancient
universities about how they could serve
the needs of the rapidly growing
population in the industrial, urban areas
These were the
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In 1867
First practical attempt was made in what
was designated UNIVERSITY EXTENSION
not for students enrolled in the universities
bringing the university outside of its
campus to people who could not qualify for
entry into university
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Stuart gave lectures to

- womens associations
- working mens clubs
Lectures mostly on
- Literacy
- social topics
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STUART often considered as

FATHER
OF
UNIVERSITY
EXTENSION
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In 1873
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE adopted the
system
In 1876
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON followed
In 1878
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD followed
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In 1880s
- system became well-established and developed into
what was to be called
EXTENSION MOVEMENT
- and so, extension became a more
INSTITUTIONALIZED FUNCTION
of the universities
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Tri-Functions of Universities
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B. Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Service

In Europe
1841 Founding of the ROYAL AGRICULTURAL
IMPROVEMENT SOCIETY (RAIS) in Britain
1845 outbreak of potato blight in Europe
- effect was most severe in Ireland where the
predominantly peasant community relied on
potatoes as staple food
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1847 the newly appointed British viceroy

to Ireland, the Earl of Clarendon, urged the
RAIS to appoint ITENERANT LECTURERS to
travel around the distressed districts to
INFORM and SHOW small farmers how to
IMPROVE CULTIVATION and GROW
NUTRITIOUS CROPS
1890s the universities began to cover
AGRICULTURAL SUBJECTS in lectures
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In the USA
1850s TWO DEVELOPMENTS significant to the

evolution of agricultural extension in the USA
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1. Signing of the MORILL ACT of 1862 by

Pres. Lincoln during the Civil War
providing for the creation of LAND
GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
Funds were made available from the
Federal Government to establish
demonstration centers/experimental
stations
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2. The beginning of FARMERS INSTITUTE

MOVEMENTS
organized one- to two-day meetings for
farmers
invited professors from state colleges
and universities as speakers
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In 1890
SECOND MORILL ACT was passed
extended Land-Grant concept in other areas of
the USA
- Farmers Institute Movements now

INSTITUTIONALIZED with FEDERAL SUPPORT and
SUPERVISION
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By the end of the century, a system

of agricultural extension work
became well established in the USA
with STATE COLLEGES and
UNIVERSITIES TAKING OVER THE
INITIATION AND ORGANIZATION OF
SAID ACTIVITY.
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1914 Passage of the SMITH-LEVER ACT

Established the COOPERATIVE EXTENSION
SERVICE - a tripartite cooperation between
the
federal government
state government
local county government with the
SCUs
as extension agency
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OBJECTIVE of the Cooperative Extension Service
to aid in DIFFUSING among people in the

USA, USEFUL and PRACTICAL INFORMATION in
subjects related to
- AGRICULTURE and
- HOME ECONOMICS.
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EXTENSION IN THE PHILIPPINE
SETTING:
The Significant Milestones
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1565
The beginnings of extension work
through the setting up of
GRANJAS MODELOS or
MODEL FARMS
initiated by the first Spanish missionaries
to educate rice, corn, and tobacco
farmers in large encomiendas.
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Philippine Setting . . .
Towards the end of the 18th century

REGULATORY FUNCTIONS
- Supervision of tobacco fields
- Grading of tobacco leaves for export
were provided by the extension service
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October 18, 1901

Start of more serious attempt at
extension work under the AMERICAN
REGIME
April 30, 1902
Establishment of the BUREAU OF
AGRICULTURE under the Department
of Interior
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July 1910
Creation of the DEMONSTRATION AND
EXTENSION DIVISION under the Bureau of
Agriculture making it the
- FIRST FORMALLY ORGANIZED
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT IMPLEMENTING
RESEARCH AND EXTENSION PROGRAMS
Setting up of several experiment stations and
demonstration farms in strategic places in the
country.
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1910
Agricultural schools were also
established to educate and train
government agricultural workers and
others engaged in agricultural
services.
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July 10, 1919

The extension and Demonstration Division
expanded its work to include
- ORGANIZATION OF FARMERS
COOPERATIVE
- RURAL CREDIT
- ANIMAL INSURANCE
Person engaged in extension work were called
FARM ADVISERS
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1923
The name Demonstration and Extension
Division was changed to AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION SERVICE
Related events
HOME EXTENSION WORK was started in
the Division of Organic Chemistry of the Bureau
of Soils mainly on FOOD PRESERVATION
MARIA Y. OROSA founded the home
extension service.
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1929
The Bureau of Agriculture was reorganized
with the creation of the
Bureau of Animal Industry
Bureau of Plant Industry
with both bureaus continuing to do and

expand their extension activities.
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1936
COMMONWEALTH ACT 85 was passed
establishing PROVINCIAL EXTENSION
SERVICES financed by the provincial and
municipal governments
Some significant results
emergence of BROADER AND MORE
COMPREHENSIVE AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM
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Extension service in the

Philippines became a serious
organized business
Position of PROVINCIAL
AGRICULTURIST was
created
Farm Advisers now called
EXTENSION AGENTS
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Some CONSTRAINTS
The home economics group was under the
Plant Utilization Division of BPI
Insufficiency of funds
Unsystematic, scattered, and decentralized
agricultural extension service work done
by the different branches of government
made it difficult for extension agents to
render fully satisfactory service to the
people.
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Undated
COMMONWEALTH ACT 649 was passed
INCREASING the AMOUNT
APPROPRIATED FOR EXTENSION WORK
Set-up of agricultural extension service
CONTINUED UNTIL THE
OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II
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1942-1945 (Japanese Occupation)

Home economics and agricultural
extension work
- SUFFERED DRAWBACKS
EXTENSION WORK WAS

PARALYZED
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After Japanese Occupation

1947
The Home Extension Unit under BPI
was FUSED with the
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
UNIT of the Bureau of Agriculture.
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1950
The Philippine Government REQUESTED the
USA to SEND AN ECONOMIC SURVEY
MISSION to the Philippines to:
CONSIDER THE FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF

THE COUNTRY AND TO RECOMMEND
MEASURES THAT WILL ENABLE THE
PHILIPPINES TO BECOME AND TO REMAIN
SELF-SUPPORTING
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The Bell Survey Mission

Recommendation
The CONSOLIDATION of the SCATTERED
EXTENSION SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS in
the different bureaus (BPI, BAI, BS, BFor,
BFis) into ONE BUREAU that would
ADEQUATELY EXTEND INFORMATION TO
FARM FAMILIES for improved FARMING,
HOMEMAKING, and RURAL
ORGANIZATION.
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In July 1952
Congress enacted REPUBLIC ACT No. 680
CREATING THE BUREAU OF
AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION (BAEx).
This was in RESPONSE TO the recommendation
of the BELL SURVEY MISSION that all the
extension activities of the DA become the
responsibility of one bureau.
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August 8, 1963
The BAEx was RENAMED
AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTIVITY COMMISSION
(APC) and placed UNDER the
OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT.
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Function of APC was BROADENED to accelerate

progressive improvement in the productivity of
farms
advancement of farmers
strengthening of the existing agricultural services
through the CONSOLIDATION OF ALL
promotional
educational and informational activities pertaining
to agriculture.
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Positive Consequence of Broadened Function of

APC
Implementation of the NATIONAL INTEGRATED
LAND REFORM PROGRAM due to team up of
agriculture
home demonstrations
4-H Club officers
in carrying out extension activities which allowed
CONCENTRATED TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE to
people in the countryside.
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Undated
Executive Order No. 62 creating the RICE
AND CORN AUTHORITY (RCA)
extended CREDIT for seeds, pesticides,
and harvesting
had FERTILIZER SUBSIDY PROGRAM for
participating farmers
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In 1969
Executive Order No. 183 creating the
NATIONAL FOOD AND
AGRICULTURE COUNCIL (NFAC)
was given FULL CONTROL OF FOOD
PRODUCTION PROGRAM
CONTROLLED a large portion of FUNDS for
agriculture and funding from The USAID
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In 1972
Declaration of
MARTIAL LAW
Several
ORGANIZATIONAL
CHANGES AFFECTED
AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION.
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November 1, 1972
Presidential Decree No. 1 and
Presidential Letter of Implementation
REVERTED THE APC TO ITS
ORIGINAL NAME, THE BAEx
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Other CHANGES
Functions and personnel of COOPERATIVES were
TRANSFERRED to the DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
(DILG)
Presidential Decree 970
ABOLISHED the Bureau of Farm Management of the
DAR
DARs extension function was TRANSFERRED to BAEx
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July 1, 1973
The BAEx was TRANSFERRED
back to DA
The ABACA and OTHER FIBERS BOARD
was FUSED with BAEx
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In 1977
A WORLD BANK MISSION APPRAISED the
Philippines agricultural extension service UPON
REQUEST of the Philippine government
RESULTS
The Philippines ADOPTED the TRAINING
AND VISIT SYSTEM (T & V) which evolved
into a development strategy designed to improve
the quality of life of farm families through a pool of
resources.
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March 27, 1979

The NATIONAL EXTENSION PROJECT
became OPERATIONAL
With WORLD BANK LOAN of US$ 35M
To STRENGTHEN Philippine agricultural
system with FACILITIES and RESOURCES
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The EXTENSION DELIVERY SYSTEM

Responsible for the SYSTEMATIC TRANSFER OF
TECHNOLOGICAL PACKAGES from research institutions
to the small rural entrepreneurs and of IMPROVED
HOMEMAKING PRACTICES to their homes.
All these were aimed at INCREASING AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION AND FARMERS INCOME and
IMPROVING THEIR NUTRITIONAL STATUS
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In 1978
PD No. 1579 and LOI No. 595 CREATED
MINISTRY-WIDE REGIONAL OFFICES in
the Ministry of Agriculture
APPOINTMENT of 75 PAOs in 1980
EO No. 967- RENAMED the Ministry of Agriculture
into the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
(MAF); transferred the BFAR from the Ministry of
Natural Resources to the MAF
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In 1982
EO No. 803 designating the PROVINCE as
the POLITICAL UNIT OF MANAGEMENT
for INDUCING AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
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Organizational Set-up
Minister of Agriculture
Regional Director
Provincial Agricultural Officer
Municipal Agricultural officer
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Organizational Set-up at Provincial Level
Provincial Agricultural Officer
MAO Provincial Senior Rural Youth

SMS HMT Development
Officer
Agricultural
Food
Technicians
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In 1987
EO No. 116 MERGED the
BAEx
Agricultural Training Council
Philippine Training Center for Rural
Development into the
AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (ATI)
The BIRTH of the ATI
meant the DEATH of the BAEx
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ATIs Mandate
TRAINING OF ALL AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION WORKERS AND THEIR
CLIENTELE (WHO ARE MOSTLY
FARMERS) AND OTHER
AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
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In 1991
RA No. 7160 LOCAL GOVERNMENT
CODE
DEVOLVED AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND
TRAINING ACTIVITES to the LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)
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In 1997
A legal instrument
RA 8435 known as the
AGRICULTURE AND
FISHERIES MODERNIZATION
ACT or AFMA
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Major Concerns of AFMA

1. Food security
2. Poverty alleviation and social equity
3. Income enhancement and profitability
especially for farmers and fisherfolks
4. Global Competitiveness
5. Sustainability
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Philippine Setting AFMA
Definition of Terms
MODERNIZATION
The PROCESS of
TRANSFORMING the
AGRICULTURE & FISHERIES sectors
into one that is
DYNAMIC
TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED
COMPETITIVE
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Yet CENTERED on
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
and GUIDED by sound practices of
SUSTAINABILITY
and the PRINCIPLES of SOCIAL
JUSTICE
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Food Security
The POLICY OBJECTIVE, PLAN, and STRATEGY of
1. MEETING FOOD REQUIREMENTS of PRESENT
and FUTURE GENERATIONS of Filipinos
in SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITY
2. ensuring the AVAILABILITY and
AFFORDABILITY of food TO ALL
3. either through LOCAL PRODUCTION or
IMPORTATION, or both
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4. Based on the countrys EXISTING and

POTENTIAL RESOURCE ENDOWMENT
and related production advantages, and
5. CONSISTENT with the OVERALL national
development objectives and policies
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Poverty Alleviation and

Social Equity
Providing the POOR with
equitable access to resources
income opportunities
basic and support services
infrastructure
especially in areas where
productivity is low as a means
of improving their quality of
life.
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Global competitiveness
The ABILITY to COMPETE in terms of
PRICE
QUALITY
VOLUME
OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY PRODUCTS relative to those of OTHER
COUNTRIES
Would require the ability to PRODUCE A PRODUCT WITH

THE GREATEST RELATIVE EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF
RESOURCES
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Framework of Sustainable Agriculture
Economically viable
Ecologically sound
Socially just and humane (respects human
dignity, participatory, and equitable)
Culturally appropriate (respects traditions,
values, beliefs, and culture of people)
Grounded on holistic science
(integrative, non-reductionist)
BRSumayao UPLB 78
Medium and Long-Term Goals to address Food

Security, Poverty Alleviation, Social Equity,
and Income Enhancement
1. INCREASED INCOME and PROFIT of small
farmers and fisherfolks
2. AVAILABILITY of rice and other staple foods at
AFFORDABLE PRICES
3. REDUCTION of rural poverty and income
inequality
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4. REDUCTION of rural
UNEMPLOYMENT
5. Reduction of incidence of
MALNUTRITION, and
6. IMPROVEMENT in LAND TENURE of
small farmers.
BRSumayao UPLB 80
Medium and Long-Term Goals to address

Global Competitiveness and Sustainability
1. INCREASE in VOLUME, QUALITY, and VALUE of

agriculture and fisheries production for
DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION and EXPORTS
2. REDUCTION in post-harvest LOSSES
3. INCREASE in the number/types and quality of
PROCESSED agricultural and fishery PRODUCTS
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4. INCREASE in number of INTERNATIONAL

TRADING PARTNERS in agriculture and fishery
products
1. INCREASE in number of SUSTAINABLE
agriculture and fishery FIRMS engaged in
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION, PROCESSING,
MARKETING, and EXPORT activities.
2. INCREASE in and wider level of
ENTREPRENEURSHIP among farmers and
fisherfolks
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7. INCREASE in number of farms

engaged in DIVERSIFIED FARMING,
and
8. REDUCTION in USE of AGRO-
CHEMICALS that are harmful to
health and the environment
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Structure of the Agricultural Extension Service in

the AFMA
Mandate
Provision of TRAINING, INFORMATION, and
SUPPORT SERVICES
by GOs and NGOs
to improve TECHNICAL, BUSINESS, and SOCIAL
CAPABILITIES of farmers and fisherfolks
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Strategy
utilization of RESEARCH RESULTS through
FE
NFE
extension and training services
development of a NATIONAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM that will help accelerate the
transformation of Philippine agriculture and
fisheries from a resource-based to a
technology-based industry
BRSumayao UPLB 85
Nature of Delivery of Extension Services

multi-disciplinary
involves farmers and fisherfolks and their
organizations, and those engaged in food
and non-food production processing,
including the private and public sectors.
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Role of LGUs
Responsible for delivering direct agriculture
and fisheries extension services
The province is mandated to integrate the
operations of the agriculture extension services
and undertake an annual evaluation of all
municipal extension program.
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Role of Private Sector
Encourage PARTICIPATION of farmers and
fisherfolks cooperatives and associations and
others in the private sector in the TRAINING
and other COMPLEMENTARY EXTENSION
ACTIVITIES especially in
community organizing
use of participatory approaches
popularization of training materials
regenerative agricultural technologies
agribusiness and management skills
BRSumayao UPLB 88
Role of SUCs
ASSIST in the LGUs extension system by
IMPROVING their effectiveness and efficiency
through
capability building
complementary extension activities such as
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TRAINING OF LGU PERSONNEL
IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES
EXTENSION-CUM-RESEARCH AND INFORMATION
SUPPORT SERVICES.
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Financing Scheme
Allocation of multi-year budgets that shall be
treated as grants
Transfer of funds from DA to the LGUs as
extension grants
Placing the budget for agriculture and fishery
at a minimum of 1 % of the Gross Value Added
BRSumayao UPLB 90
Strategic Shift
From food security as the SOLE
RESPONSIBILITY of the DA TOWARDS SHARING
that responsibility with the LGUs and OTHER
STAKEHOLDERS
From PURE COMMODITY, PRODUCTION
VOLUME orientation towards RESULTS,
GREATER VALUE-ADDED, PROFITABILITY, and
PEOPLES WELFARE
BRSumayao UPLB 91

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PROFESSIONAL BOARD EXAM

A. Stirrings in the 19th century England

These were the

Stuart gave lectures to

STUART often considered as

B. Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Service

1847 the newly appointed British viceroy

1850s TWO DEVELOPMENTS significant to the

1. Signing of the MORILL ACT of 1862 by

2. The beginning of FARMERS INSTITUTE

- Farmers Institute Movements now

By the end of the century, a system

1914 Passage of the SMITH-LEVER ACT

OBJECTIVE of the Cooperative Extension Service

to aid in DIFFUSING among people in the

Towards the end of the 18th century

October 18, 1901

July 10, 1919

with both bureaus continuing to do and

Extension service in the

1942-1945 (Japanese Occupation)

EXTENSION WORK WAS

After Japanese Occupation

CONSIDER THE FINANCIAL PROBLEMS OF

The Bell Survey Mission

Function of APC was BROADENED to accelerate

Positive Consequence of Broadened Function of

March 27, 1979

The EXTENSION DELIVERY SYSTEM

Provincial Agricultural Officer

Municipal Agricultural officer

Organizational Set-up at Provincial Level

Provincial Agricultural Officer

MAO Provincial Senior Rural Youth

Major Concerns of AFMA

4. Based on the countrys EXISTING and

Poverty Alleviation and

Would require the ability to PRODUCE A PRODUCT WITH

Framework of Sustainable Agriculture

Medium and Long-Term Goals to address Food

Medium and Long-Term Goals to address

1. INCREASE in VOLUME, QUALITY, and VALUE of

4. INCREASE in number of INTERNATIONAL

7. INCREASE in number of farms

Structure of the Agricultural Extension Service in

Nature of Delivery of Extension Services

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