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Cofactor (Coenzima):
1. Hidrosolubles
Tiamina Tiamina pirofosfato B1
Riboflavina Flavinas: FAD, FMN B2
Piridoxal Piridoxal fosfato B6
Cobalamina Coenzimas cobamdicos B12
c.Ascrbico Ac. Ascrbico C
Nicotinamida NAD+, NADP+ PP
c.Lipoico Lipoamida
c.Flico Coenzimas folnicos
c.Pantotnico Pantetenas (CoA, p.e.)
2. Liposolubles
Naftoquinonas g-Carboxilacin K
Cofactores de naturaleza no vitamnica: ejemplos
Liposolubles
Retinoides vit. A
Calciferoles vit. D
Tocoferoles vit. E
Cofactores redox
NADP+ OH
-
O
O P O
O-
NAD+, NADP+ NADH, NADPH
(Formas oxidadas) (Formas reducidas)
CONH2 H H
CONH2
N
N
AH2 A + H+
H3C N N O
CH2
H C OH
H C OH NH2
N
H C OH O O
N
CH2 O P O P O CH2 O N
O- O- N
H H
H H
OH OH
O
H 3C N
NH Semiquinona
(Radical libre)
H 3C N NH O
O
H3C NH
NH Forma reducida
H3C N NH O
CH2
H3C CH
H3C N CH3
N Fe++ N
-
OOC CH2 CH2 N CH CH2
H2C CH3
CH2
COO-
Citocromos
Fe2+ Fe3+
O OH
O OH
Quinona
Hidroquinona
AH2 A
O
CH3 O CH3
CH3 O
n
O CH3
Ubiquinona (Coenzima Q)
OH H OH H
O O
H2 C C H2 C C O
O
HO HO
HO OH O O
A AH2
cido Ascrbico
(vit. C)
COOH
S S
c. Lipoico Lipoamida
CO CH Lys
NH
AH2 S S
CO CH Lys
NH
SH SH
Dihidrolipoamida
Glutatin: g-Glu-Cys-Gly g-Glu-Cys-Gly
(forma reducida, GSH)
S
COO- COO-
+
H 3N C H +
H 3N C H S
CH2 CH2 g-Glu-Cys-Gly
CH2 CH2
CO NH CH CO NH CH2 COOH CO NH CH CO NH CH2 COO-
CH2 CH2
SH S
S
CH2
CO NH CH CO NH CH2 COO-
2GSH + A GSSG + AH2 CH2
CH2
H 3N C H
-
Glutatin:
COO
forma oxidada, GSSG
CH2 CH2OH
H3 C
+
S
CH2 N Tiamina (vit. B1)
N
H3C N
O O
CH2 CH2 O P O P O-
H 3C O- O-
+
S
CH2 N
N
Tiamina pirofosfato, TPP
H3C N
CHO
HOH2C OH
Piridoxal (vit. B6)
N CH3
CHO O
HOH2C O P O-
O- Piridoxal fosfato
N CH3
CHO O CH2NH2 O
HOH2C O P O- HOH2C O P O-
O- O-
N CH3 N CH3
H2 N N N
H
N N
N CO OH
OH CH2
CH2
4-amino C NH C H
benzoico O COO-
n
Poliglutamato
c. Flico
H2 N N N
H
N N
N CO OH
OH CH2
CH2 c. Flico
C NH C H
O COO-
n
Folato
reductasa
c.Tetrahidroflico, THF
Methotrexate
H2 N N N H2 N N NH
H H
N N N N
NH CO OH NH CO OH
OH CH2 OH CH2
CH2 CH2
C NH C H C NH C H
O -
COO O COO-
n DHF Reductasa
n
c.Dihidroflico, DHF
H 2N N NH
N
N
OH H 2C N
CO OH
CH2
CH2
N5,N10 Metilen THF
C NH C H
O COO-
n
H2 N N NH
H
N N
N CO OH
OH C CH2
H O
CH2
C NH C H
N5 Formil THF O COO-
n
CH2CONH2
H3C H
H
CH3
CH2CH2CONH2
NH2COCH2 N
NC
N CH3
Co+
H3C N
NH2COCH2CH2 CH3 H N H
NH2COCH2 CH3
H3C
CH3 CH2CH2CONH2
H
CH2
N
CH3
CH2
N
CH3
CO
H
O
NH
H
OH O
CH2OH
Cobalamina
CH2 OH H
(vit. B12)
P
O
H3C CH O
HN NH Biotina
S COOH
CO2
O
C N NH
HO
Carboxibiotina
S COOH
OC
HN NH CH R
HN
CO
NH
S CO CH Lys
NH
OC
CH R'
Biotinil- protena
HN
c. Pantoico b-Alanina
CH3
CH2OH C CHOH CO NH CH2 CH2 COOH c. Pantotnico
CH3
c. Pantotnico Cisteamina
CH3
CH2OH C CHOH CO NH CH2 CH2 CO NH CH2 CH2 SH
CH3
Pantetena
Pantetena ADP
NH2
H H HO H N
O O
N N N
HS C C O P O P O CH2 O N
O O H3C CH3 O- O- N
H H
H H
OH OH
Coenzima A
NH2
N
O O
- N
O S O P O CH2 O N
O O- N
H H
H H
O OH
-
O P O
O-
3- Fosfoadenil 5- Fosfosulfato
(PAPS)
CH3
CH3 N CH2 CHOH CH2 COOH
CH3
Carnitina
NH2
N
O O O
- N
O P O P O P O CH2 O N
O- O- O- N
H H
H H
OH OH