BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

8th Lecture DSP

 The One-sided z Transform

The one-sided z-transform of a sequence x(n) is given by

Shifting Property
Z+ [x(n k)] = Z [x(n k)u(n)]

or

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Solve: y(n) 3/2y(n 1) + 1/2y(n 2) = x(n), n 0 where
x(n) =

Y+(z) 3/2[y(1)+z1Y +(z)]+1/2[y(2)+z1y(1)+z2Y +(z)]

=

Substituting the initial conditions and rearranging,

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After inverse transformation the solution is

Matlab Implementation

b = [2 -9/4 1/2]; a=[1 -7/4 7/8 -1/8];

[r p c]= residuez(b,a)
4
Forms of the solutions
The preceding solution is the complete response of the
difference equation. It can be expressed in several forms.
Homogeneous and particular parts:

The homogeneous part is due to the system poles, and the

particular part is due to the input poles.
Transient and steady-state responses:

The transient response; poles inside the unit circle,

Steady state response poles on unit circle
Poles outside the unit circle : Unbounded response
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Zero-input (or initial condition) and zero-state responses

A
The eqn has two parts. The first part can be interpreted as
YZS(z) = H(z)X(z) zero-state responses: &
the second part as YZI(z) = H(z)XIC(z)
Solving for both the parts independently
In this example xIC(n) is xIC(n) = {1,2}

Now taking the inverse z-transform of each part of (A), we

write the complete response as

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 Matlab implementation
Use b=1; a= [1 -3/2 1/2];
n=[0:7]; x= (1/4).^n; xic = [1, -2 ];
y1 = filter(b,a,x,xic)

Verification for
y2 = (1/3)*(1/4).^n+(1/2).^n+(2/3)*ones(1,8)
& For

y2 = (1/3)*(1/4).^n-2*(1/2).^n+(8/3)*ones(1,8) + 3*(1/2).^n
- 2*ones(1,8);
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 A periodic square wave sequence is given by

Where, m=0,

where N is the fundamental period and L/N is the duty cycle.

a. Determine an expression for [X (k)] in terms of L and N.
b. Plot the magnitude [X(k)] for L = 5, N = 20; L = 5, N = 40; L = 5,
N = 60; and L = 7, N = 60.
c. Comment on the results.

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By applying the analysis equation

or the magnitude of X(k) is given by

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

The MATLAB script for L = 7 and N = 60:
L = 7; N = 60; k = [-N/2:N/2]; % Sq wave parameters
xn = [ones(1,L), zeros(1,N-L)]; % Sq wave x(n)
Xk = dfs(xn,N);
magXk = abs([Xk(N/2+1:N) Xk(1:N/2+1)]);
subplot(2,2,4); stem(k,magXk); axis([-N/2,N/2,-0.5,7.5])
xlabel('k'); ylabel('Xtilde(k)')
title('DFS of SQ. wave: L=7, N=60')

Observations:
DFS coefficients of square waves look like sinc
functions
The amplitude at k = 0 is equal to L,
zeros of the functions are at multiples of N/L
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Aliasing Effect example: Frequency Sampling
If x(n) is time-limited (i.e., of finite duration) to [0,N 1],
then N samples of X(z) on the unit circle determine X(z) for
all z.

x(n) =
Or

Let x1(n) = [6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]. Its DTFT X1(ej) is sampled at

to obtain a DFS sequence X2(k). Determine the sequence

x2(n), which is the inverse DFS of X2(k).

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Implies

Thus
Thus x(4) is aliased into x(0), and x(5) is aliased into x(1).
Hence
x2(n) = [. . . , 8, 6, 4, 3, 8, 6, 4, 3, 8, 6, 4, 3, . . .}

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 This example shows the use of the FFT function for spectral analysis. A
common use of FFT's is to find the frequency components of a signal
buried in a noisy time domain signal.

First create some data

= 0:.001:.25; x = sin(2*pi*50*t) + sin(2*pi*120*t);
Add some random noise with a standard deviation of 2 to
produce a noisy signal y. Take a look at this noisy signal y by
plotting it.
y = x + 2*randn(size(t));
subplot(2,2,1) ,
plot(y(1:50)); title('Noisy time domain signal')
the fast-Fourier transform (FFT). Y = fft(y,251);

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Compute the power spectral density, a measurement of the energy at various
frequencies, using the complex conjugate (CONJ). Form a frequency axis for the first
127 points and use it to plot the result. (The remainder of the points are symmetric.)

Pyy = Y.*conj(Y)/251; f = 1000/251*(0:127);

subplot(2,2,2);
plot(f,Pyy(1:128)) ;
title('Power spectral density') ; xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
Zoom in and plot only up to 200 Hz. Notice the peaks
at 50 Hz and 120 Hz. These are the frequencies of the
original signal.
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(f(1:50),Pyy(1:50));
title('Power spectral density');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)')
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 Let x(n) = 10(0.8)n , 0 n 10.
a. Determine and plot x ((n))11.
b. Verify the circular folding property

MATLAB script: ( a)

n = 0:100; x = 10*(0.8) .^ n; y = x(mod(-n,11)+1);

subplot(2,1,1); stem(n,x); title(Original sequence)
xlabel(n); ylabel(x(n));
subplot(2,1,2); stem(n,y); title(Circularly folded sequence)
xlabel(n); ylabel(x(-n mod 10));
MATLAB script: ( b)

n = 0:10; x = 10*(0.8) .^ n; y = x(mod(-

n,11)+1);
X = dft(x,11); Y = dft(y,11);
subplot(2,2,1); stem(n,real(X));
title(Real{DFT[x(n)]}); xlabel(k);
subplot(2,2,2); stem(n,imag(X));
title(Imag{DFT[x(n)]}); xlabel(k);
subplot(2,2,3); stem(n,real(Y));
title(Real{DFT[x((-n))11]}); xlabel(k);
subplot(2,2,4); stem(n,imag(Y));
title(Imag{DFT[x((-n))11]}); xlabel(k);
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956