TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

how to represent certain types of functions as sums of power series

You might wonder why we would ever want to express a known function
as a sum of infinitely many terms.

Integration. (Easy to integrate polynomials) dx

2
x
e

ex 1 x
Finding limit lim
x 0 x2

Finding a sum of a series (not only geometric, telescoping)

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Example: f ( x) e x

e cn x n c0 c1 x c2 x 2 c3 x 3 c4 x 4 c5 x 5
x

n 0

Maclaurin series ( center is 0 )

Example: Find Maclaurin series

f ( x ) cos x
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Important Maclaurin Series and Their Radii of Convergence

MEMORIZE: these Maclaurin Series

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Maclaurin series ( center is 0 )

Example:

Find Maclaurin series

f ( x) tan 1 x
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cos 2 x 12 12 cos(2 x)
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Maclaurin series ( center is 0 )

Example:

1
Find the sum of the series

n 0 n!
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Example: Find the sum

(1) n

1 1 1
1
n 0 2n 1
3 5 7

Leibnizs formula:
x 2 n1
tan ( x) (1)
1 n

n 0 2n 1

1 x3 x5 x7
tan ( x) x
3 5 7
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Important Maclaurin Series and Their Radii of Convergence

MEMORIZE: these Maclaurin Series

The Binomial Series

DEF:

Example:

1/ 3 1 1 1
( 1)( 2 )
1 2 5
( )( )
3 3 3
3 3 3

5
3 3! 6 81

Example:

1/ 2 1 1 1 1 1
( 1)( 2 )( 3)( 4 )
2 2 2 2 2

5 5!
The Binomial Series

binomial series.

NOTE:

k k k k k k (k 1)
1 k
0 1 1! 2 2! 2!
The Binomial Series

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binomial series.
The Binomial Series

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binomial series.
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Important Maclaurin Series and Their Radii of Convergence

Example: Find Maclaurin series

f ( x) ln( 1 x)
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TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Important Maclaurin Series and Their Radii of Convergence

MEMORIZE: these Maclaurin Series

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Maclaurin series ( center is 0 )

Taylor series ( center is a )

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

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Taylor series ( center is a )

DEF:

Taylor polynomial of order n

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

The Taylor polynomial of order 3 generated by the function f(x)=ln(3+x) at a=1 is:

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DEF:

Taylor polynomial of order n

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f ( k ) (a)
f ( x) ( x a) k Taylor series ( center is a )
k 0 k!

n
f ( k ) (a)
Pn ( x) ( x a) k Taylor polynomial of order n
k 0 k!

f ( k ) (a)
Rn ( x)
k n 1 k!
( x a) k Remainder

f ( x) Pn ( x) Rn ( x) Taylor Series

Taylors Formula f ( n1) (c)

Rn ( x) ( x a) k Remainder consist of infinite terms
(n 1)!
for some c between a and x.

REMARK: Observe that : f ( n1) (c) not f ( n1) (a)

TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Taylors Formula

f ( n1) (c)
Rn ( x) ( x a) k
(n 1)!
for some c between a and x.

Taylors Formula

f ( n1) (c) k
Rn ( x) x
(n 1)!
for some c between 0 and x.
TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN

Taylor series ( center is a )

DEF:

nth-degree Taylor polynomial of f at a.

DEF:
Rn ( x) f ( x) Tn ( x) Remainder

3
1
Example: f ( x) xn T3 ( x) x n 1 x x 2 x 3
1 x n 0 n 0

R3 ( x) x n x 4 x 5 x 6
n4
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