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New age digital technology for convergence of voice ,video and data

By:-Nikhil Garg
ECE-030
 NTRODUCT ON
r Voip is one of the fastest growing
Technology
r The basic concept behind this technology is
the transportation of real time voice over
network such as internet

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 Why VO

r  major implementation of Vo
is to bypass

long distance calls by transporting calls over
an
network

r Vo
allows communications on existing

networks without adding additional lines or
bandwidth

r Wireless handsets can roam and still be

connected to the main office via

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 Communication Technique

There are two Techniques for commuter &

Telecommunication network.
r @
:- Whenever a call place on
network, System seek out a physical path
between your phone and destination phone,
communication takes place after an end to end
connection is established. t will continue until
the call is finished

ð
 Communication Technique

r :- n this technique

whole data can be divided into packets
with full information. These packets
transmitted by the network. So it not
require any fixed path.

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@
 @


TEM C RCU T
CKET
SW TCHED SW TCHED
Dedicated path Yes No
Bandwidth available Fixed Dynamic

Store and Forward Not
ossible
ossible

Transmission
Each packet follows the Yes No
same packet route
Call setup Required Not Required

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 Components of a Vo

System
r uGateways perform the following function
1. Search Function :- Conversion of phone no into

address
6. Connection Function :- Connection Between
originating gateway to destination gateway
3. Digitizing Function :- Convert into digital form
ð. Demodulation Function:- Re-conversion
_. Compression Function:- Used for compression
è
r Gatekeeper ± Gatekeeper is device that know
how many users are connected and where they are
located.
Telephones± provide
r
Telephones± enhanced service
suited to Vo
.
r
C Software
hone:- Used
for
C
(Microphone & Software that permits voice
over internet)

ÿ
 How it works ?
r nalog voice is received by a CODEC (coder / de-
coder)
r Complex circuitry then samples the voice and
compares the voice to a codebook. This codebook is
used by both the coders and decoders.
r Once sampled and matched with the codebook the
voice is now presented as data
r Some codebooks are of different sizes and have a
different fidelity

r These codebooks are ³recommended standards´ that
copies voice samples into different sizes
r Once voice is sampled and replaced by code the
voice can then be formed into data and transported.
r The usual transport method uses the
( nternet

rotocol) standard.
r
uses many layers associated with the OS model
to form, control, administer, and transport data.

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Voice to

Voice

CODEC

Compress

Create
acket

dd Headers

Network
11

to Voice

Network

rocess Header

Decompress

CODEC

Voice
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 dvantages
r ntegration of voice & data:- Large Enterprises shift
their business from private network to public network to
achieve better economics of scale, still they require voice on
network .
r Simplification :- t support all form of communication
over one network rather than to build up separate network.
r Network Efficiency :- ntegration of voice of data
effectively fills up the data communication channels, so it
provide bandwidth consolidation.

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r Cost Reduction :- t is cheaper to make an

telephony call, then to make a call by
STN

r Engineering Economics:- t is economical to

use
telephony which takes up v-ÿ Kbps for one
call while
STN call takes vð Kbps.

1ð
 pplication & Services Of Vo

r Sound Grading 
STN supports one grade i.e. ð

KHz while Vo
can supports higher grade.
r Web Call Center :- More information about
product (e-commerce).
r Video Telephony
r Remote Telephony:- By this service remote users
can use the resource available to the network.

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r Teleconferencing :- :- User can share documents
through electronic means, Files can be transmitted.

r ntegrated Messaging :-User can get all the

message at one location from where he can access
them according to his convenience (Unified
Messaging).

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 rchitecture
There are two different architecture.

C to
C   user places a call by specifying the

address of the recipients. ll sampling ,compression
and packetization of the voice signal occurs in sender

C, While play out of the receiving signal occurs
through a sound card on the receiver
C.

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r Gateway To Gateway (
hone to
hone) ::--
First user call an gateway that is near to center
office, user identified and asked to enter phone no.
of the intended recipents.Then sender gateway
than looks up and initiate session with the

address of gateway that is close as possible to the
recipient. n end to end communication can
proceed with voice sent in
packet between two
gateway. Encoding and packetization occur in the
sender gateway. Central office digitize the voice
before passing it to gateway.

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acket Loss
n
network,
packets from many sources are
queued for transmission over an outgoing link in a
router, packets are transmitted one by one from
the head queue. n arriving packet is lost if there
is no space in the queue, router become congested
resulting in a
acket Loss.
acket Loss can cause
severe damage to voice quality for
technology.
Each
packet contain ð0 to ÿ0 ms of speech
information.

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 no. of technique used to solve packet loss
problem.
r Network Up gradation :- Upgrade
network
infrastructure
r Silence Substitution:-Silence substitute in place of
packet loss.
r
acket Repetition :- Replaying the last correctly
received packet in place of the lost one
r
acket nterpolation

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acket Delay
Timing is an important characteristic of voice, two
syllables of a word are uttered with an interval.
This time should be as small as possible. Too
much delay can impair voice in several ways.
Following is a discussion of a various sources of
delay in Vo
.
r Codec Delay :- The primary function of this
codec is to a conversion, compression to reduce
the bandwidth requirement. This will introduce
delay in codec.

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r Serialization Delay :- The time to take to place a
packet on the transmission line, higher line speeds
, it can be greatly reduced
r Queuing Delay:-Queuing delay occurs at various
switching and transmission point of the network
such as router & gateway (Waiting Time).
r Network Jitter :- Variance in the inter frame
arrival time at the receiver is called jitter and is
potentially more disruptive for Vo
than delays.

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