Basic

Terms in
Philosoph
y
Sir Jay-Ar Z. Gutierrez
Terms basic
elements that make
up a language system.
What is LOGIC?
logos = word, reason or
principle
Logic science of correct
reasoning.
! Systematized
! Evokes ORDER
1.) All men are mammals
All students are men
:: All students are mammals.

2.) All monkeys eat banana

George Lincoln eats banana
:: George Lincoln is a monkey
What logic puts in
order is the way we
reason out.
Logic makes
explicit the rules of
reasoning.
Inference the process of
deducing or extracting a
statement (conclusion) from the
previous statement/s.
Argument the verbal expression
of inference.
Syllogism the format of
arguments with three
statements.
Conclusion the statement being
supported.
Premises the statement/s that
support/s the conclusion.
 Key Terms

ARGUMENT PREMISES
INFERENCE
CONCLUSION

SYLLOGISM
What is the importance of
studying the Arguments?
The answer:
It is the way we support
our claims to truth and
validity.
Truth and validity are the
two aspects that measure
the worth of an argument.
Judgment the act by which
the mind affirms or denies an
attribute of a subject.
The simplest act of the mind
in which it can attain truth.
Proposition statement that
affirms or denies
something.
verbal expression of judgment
Simple Apprehension - more
elementary act of the mind than
judgment
conceiving a notion of something.
The Horse is white.
verbally expressed as a
term/name.
Terms the two notions in a
proposition: subject and predicate
Acts of the Verbal
Mind Expression
Simple
Apprehension Term/Name

Judgment Proposition

Inference Argument/Syllogis
m
Propositions: Quality and
Quantity
1. Quality affirmative
negative
Affirmative - predicate is affirmed
of the subject.
ex. The audience is kind.
Negative - predicate is denied
of the subject.
ex. The audience is not kind.
2. Quantity universal or particular
Universal the predicate is affirmed
or denied of the whole subject.
Ex. All men are beings with heart.
Not all men are beings with heart.

Particular the predicate is affirmed

or denied of only part of the subject.
Ex. Some men are haughty.
Some men not are haughty.
What is meant by
VALIDITY?
An argument is valid if the
premises do provide
conclusive grounds for the
conclusion. Otherwise, the
argument is invalid.
Validity follows the
different rules of inference.
Validity pertains to
arguments/reasoning.
Truth pertains to
propositions.
Logic has for its first
principle the
independence of truth
and validity.
Independence of truth from
validity
Example:
All men are animals
All creatures are men
FALSE
::All creatures are
animals.
Although two statements are false,
the argument is still valid.
Key Terms

TRUTH and VALIDITY

simple
apprehension
Judgment
inference
Sound Argument the
reasoning in the argument is valid
and all the statements are true.
Example:
All computers are technological
products
All abacuses are computers
:: All abacuses are technological
products.
Kinds of Arguments
1.) Deductive argument
- An argument that has premises which
gives conclusive grounds for the truth
of the conclusion, or if the premises
claim to support the conclusion with
necessity.
- The process is exact.
e.g. All priests are humans.
All Popes are priests.
:: All Popes are humans.
2.) Inductive Argument
- Makes the wilder claim that its
premises support but do not
guarantee the necessity of its
conclusion.
- The conclusion is only given a
high probability of correctness and
not exactly valid or invalid.
Ex. Of all the 50 million swans I saw,

nothing is black.
:: No swan is black.
 Key Terms
DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
Exact Probable
Valid or invalid Strong or weak
Not a matter of A matter of
degree degree
(All or (More or Less)
Nothing)
What is a FALLACY?
Fallacy bad method of argument,
whether deductive or inductive.
one or more of its premises are
false, or the reasoning from them
may be invalid, or the language
expressing them may be
ambiguous or vague.
typical faults in arguments
that sounds persuasive.
Ex.
All Stars are hot.
I am a Star.
:: I am hot.
There is ambiguity in the meaning
of the word star.
Recap
Logic the science of correct reasoning.
Inference the process of deducing or
extracting a statement (conclusion) from
the previous statement/s.
Argument is a kind of reasoning/inference
in which statements are offered to support
or justify another statement.
Syllogism the format of arguments with
three statements.
Conclusion the statement being supported.
Premises the statement/s that support/s the
conclusion.
Truth the correspondence or equivalence
of the mind to reality/object.
Judgment the act by which the mind
affirms or denies an attribute of a subject.
Propositions verbal expression of
judgments.
Simple Apprehension conceiving of the
notion of something.
Term verbal expression of notions.
Quality may either be affirmative or
negative.
Quantity may either be universal or
particular.
Valid argument an argument which has
premises that provide conclusive grounds
for its conclusion.
Sound Argument an argument with valid
reasoning and all its statements are true.
Deductive argument an argument with
premises that claim to support the
conclusion with necessity.
Inductive Argument argument with
premises that support but do not
guarantee the necessity of its conclusion.
Fallacy a bad argument that has one or
more false statements and/or invalid
reasoning that sounds persuasive.