SOCIOLINGUISTIC

Prepared by:
* MORIN SUHARTATIK
 THE TYPES OF CODE
SWITCHING AND CODE
MIXING
There are many kinds of code-switching. Code-
switching can be either intersentential, intrasentential or
Tag- switching.
In intersentential code-switching, the language switch
is done at sentence boundaries. This is seen most often
between fluent bilingual speakers. Sometimes I will start a
sentence in English y termin in espaol. (Poplack 1980)
In intrasentential code-switching, the shift is done in
the middle of a sentence, with no interruptions, hesitations,
or pauses indicating a shift. It often happens within one
sentence or even a one phrase. The speaker is usually
unaware of the switch, until after the fact, and for example,
you have to find a kalo pedi (good guy) and marry him.
(English-Greek)
 THE TYPES OF CODE
SWITCHING

INTER-SENTENTIAL

INTRA-SENTENTIAL

TAG-SWITCHING
 INTER-SENTIAL SWITCHING

Intersential code switching occurs outside the sentence

or the clause level (i.e. at sentence or clause boundaries).
It is sometimes called "extrasentential" switching. In
Assyrian-English switching one could say, "Ani wideili. What
happened?" ("Those, I did them. What happened?").

For example :
Main to Yahan Hun. What happened ?
 INTRA-SENTIAL SWITCHING
This is the type of code switching that occurs within a
sentence or a clause. This code switching is very common
in the languages that share common family , i.e. In
Spanish-English switching one could say, "La onda is to
fight y jambar." ("The in-thing is to fight and steal.) or
Urdu-Arabic.

For example :
Hum Kya Keh Rahy Hain, He never bothered about it
What was sworn upon yesterday as guiding principle will be
chucked at the altar of expediency tomorrow as mere
siyasi bayan .
 TAG-SWITCHING

Tag-switching is the switching of either a tag phrase or

a word, or both, from one language to another is TAGGED
in the conversation, (common in intra-sentential switches).
In Spanish-English switching one could say, "l es de
Mxico y as los criaron a ellos, you know." ("He's from
Mexico, and they raise them like that, you know.").

For example
- No one at the office was willing to say anything except
that is ka order ooper se aya hai
CODE SWITCHING DIAGRAM
 Intra-Lexical
mixing

TYPES Involving a
OF change of
CODE pronounciation
MIXING

Intra sentential
 INTRA LEXICAL MIXING
(INSERTION)

The concept of insertion is defined as insertion of

material such as lexical items or entire constituents from
one language into a structure from the other language.
According to Muysken (2000), approaches that depart from
the notion of insertion view the constraints in terms of the
structural properties of some base or matrix structure. Here
the process of code-mixing is conceived as something akin
to borrowing: the insertion of an alien lexical of phrasal.
 (INSERTION)
A Single constituent B (with words b from the same
language) is inserted into a structure defined by language A
(with words a from that language)
 INVOLVING A CHANGE OF
PRONOUNCIATION
(ALTERNATION)

Approaches departing from alternation (associated with

the Poplack (1980)) view the constraints on mixing in terms
of the compatibility or equivalence of the languages
involved at the switch point (Muysken, 2000). Conjunctions
and appositions are incorporated through adjunction rather
than insertion (2000). Verbs are often incorporated through
adjunction to a helping verb. Language alternation is a
normal, common, and important aspect of bilingualism
(Grosjean, 1982; Pennington, 1995).
 (ALTERNATION)
A constituent from language A (with words from the
same language) is followed by aconstituent from language
B (with words from that language). The language
of theconstituent dominating A and B is unspecified.
 INTRA SENTENTIAL
(CONGRUENT LEXICALIZATION)

The notion of congruent lexicalization underlies the

study of style shifting and dialect/standard variation, as in
the work of Labov (1972) and Trudgill (1986), rather than
bilingual language use proper (Muysken, 2000). Congruent
lexicalization is akin to language variation and style
shifting: switching is grammatically unconstrained and can
be characterized in terms of alternative lexical insertions.
Linguistic convergence feeds into congruent lexicalization
and the two processes may reinforce each other. Some
cases of word-internal mixing can be viewed as congruent
lexicalization (2000: 221).
 (CONGRUENT
LEXICALIZATION)
The grammatical structure is shared by languages A
and B, and words from bothlanguages a and b are inserted
more or less randomly
CODE-MIXING DIAGRAM
-THANK YOU-