INTRODUCTION TO POWER

SYSTEM STABILITY
&
SWING EQUATION
Mr.S.Rajeshbabu
AP/EEE
Kamaraj College of Engineering and
Technology,
Virudhunagar
 Outline of the Presentation
1.Definition for power system stability
Types of power system stability
Steady state stability
Dynamic stability
Transient stability
Voltage stability
Basic concepts related to voltage stability
Generator characteristics
Transmission system characteristics
Load characteristics
2. Voltage collapse
 Outline of the Presentation
3. Classification of Voltage stability
4. Voltage stability analysis
Static analysis
Dynamic analysis
Model requirements
Determination of shortest distance to
instability
Continuation power flow solution
5.Case study
 Definition
Power system stability is the ability of an electric
power system, for a given initial operating condition,
to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being
subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system
variables bounded so that practically the entire system
remains intact.
Classification of power system stability
 Classification of stability
Steady state stability
Ability of the power system to regain synchronism after
small and slow disturbances (like gradual power changes)
Dynamic stability
Ability of the power system to regain synchronism after
small disturbances occurring for a long time (like changes
in turbine speed, change in load)
Transient stability
This concern with sudden and large changes in the network
conditions i.e. . sudden changes in application or removal of
loads, line switching operating operations, line faults, or
loss of excitation.
Typical Non technical example
Mathematical Explanation
Generator Characteristics

Es Infinite Bus System Voltage

Generator Characteristics
 Transmission Line Characteristics

The expression for current is given by

Transmission Line Characteristics
Transmission Line Characteristics
Transmission Line Characteristics
Transmission Line Characteristics
Load Characteristics
Load Characteristics
 Characteristics of Reactive power
devices
Shunt capacitors Spinning Reactive Reserve
Series capacitors

Voltage collapse
 Voltage stability Definition
Voltage stability is concerned with the ability of a
power system to maintain acceptable voltage at all the
buses in the system under normal conditions and after
being subjected to a disturbance.

Causes of voltage instability

Heavily stressed system
Reactive power demand
 Principal factors contribute to voltage
collapse
Generator Reactive Power/Voltage control method
Strength of transmission network & power transfer
loss
Load Characteristics (Voltage & Frequency
dependent )
Characteristics of reactive power compensating
devices (STATCOM,SSSC)
Action of Tap load changing transformers
 Classification of Voltage Stability
Large disturbance Voltage Stability
System Faults
Loss of Load or Loss of Generation
It can be studied by non linear time
domain simulations
Small disturbance Voltage Stability
Any Steady State Change Such as
change in load
 Example

VS - Sending end voltage

VR- Receiving end voltage
Case study
Real and Reactive Power without Fault
Condition
Voltage and Current at Location (B1)
Real and Reactive Power with Single
Phase to ground Fault Condition
Real and Reactive Power with Double
Phase to ground Fault Condition
Voltage and Current at Location (B2)
 Voltage Stability analysis
Proximity to Voltage instability
How close to the system instability
Mechanism of Voltage instability
How and why does the instability occurs
What are the key factors contributing the
voltage instability
What are the measures to make
improvement in voltage stability
 Modeling Requirements

Generators and Excitation controls

Loads

Auxiliary generation unit

VAR Compensators

Protection and Control units

 Prevention of Voltage Collapse
System Design Measures
Application of Reactive compensating
devices
Control of Network Voltage and Generator
Reactive power Output (AVR)
Coordination of protection and Control
devices
Control of Tap changers In OLTC
Under voltage shedding process
 Prevention of Voltage Collapse

System operating measures

Stability Margin

Spinning reserve

Operator action
 Expert system in Load Shedding
Process
Load shedding
Sudden increase of power flow producing the overload
would cause a abrupt voltage reduction at the receiving end
Expert system
Collection of a number of software modules, capable of making
decisions in a manner similar to a human field expert
Considered most appropriate for the restoration of a large power
system
Expert system versus conventional algorithmic approaches
Algorithmic approaches have to examine the data exhaustively
in order to make any type of computations
Expert systems would consider governing rules
 Expert System

Represents the following components

Data base

Knowledge base

Inference engine

Man machine interface.

 Rules for expert system
If real power flow > line flow limit
line is overloaded, the system has overload
If the system has several overload
make a list of the corresponding lines with overflows
If overloaded lines are more in number and power flow are in
same in direction
determine the flow which has to be reduced
If a bus has several overloaded lines
determine the sum of flow reductions for incoming as well
as outgoing overloads
Expert System
 Rules..
If incoming overload >out going overload
load shed =incoming overload outgoing overload

If outgoing overload > incoming overload

load shed = outgoing overload incoming overload.

If f is known
calculate proper tap setting of the available phase shifting
transformer and determine the status of the power system

If the f is known
calculate corresponding changes in the generation schedule using
proper sensitivity values which represent changes in real power
flows with respect to changes in real power injection and
determine the revised status of the power system
 Rules
when load has to be shed for a specific bus
make a list in a descending order by starting with the bus which
needs a maximum load decrement.
If load shedding for the bus is not required for the buses
consider the first bus on the list and make a list of lines with
phase shifting transformers which are feeding to that bus.(these
will be considered for partial load restoration)
If more than one line is available for partial load restoration at a bus
consider the line with the maximum available margin and
calculate the real power flow adjustment, f according to the
following equation.

f= { load shed if load shed < line margin

line margin if line margin < load shed }
 Simulation Results
Real load before Pre limit value Real load after Load reduced in buses
load shedding at the buses load shedding (MW)
(MW) (MW) (MW)
0 0 0 0
89.29 85 80.29 0
348.54 330 329.7 18.84
41.44 45 41.44 0
0 0 0 0
178.86 168 167.3 9.56
28.12 30 28.12 0
0 0 0 0
109.15 110 109.15 0
33.3 35 33.3 0
12.95 15 12.95 0
22.57 25 22.57 0
49.95 50 49.95 0
55.13 60 55.13 0
 Swing Equation for Single Machine
Infinite Bus System
The equation governing the motion of the rotor of a synchronous
machine
d 2m
J 2 Ta Tm Te
dt
where
J=The total moment of inertia of the rotor(kg-m2)
=Singular displacement of the rotor
Tm=Mechanical torque (N-m)
Te=Net electrical torque (N-m)
Ta=Net accelerating torque (N-m)
 Swing Equation
m smt m Where pm is the shaft power
d m d m input to the machine
sm pe is the electrical power
dt dt
pa is the accelerating power
d m d m
2 2

2
2
dt dt
d 2 m
J m 2 pa pm pe
dt
 Swing Equation
J m M
d 2 m
M 2 pa pm pe
dt
2H
M Smachine
sm H=machine inertia constant
2 H d 2 m p p p
a m e
sm dt 2
Smachine Smachine
2 H d 2
pa pm pe
s dt 2
s 2 f
H d 2
pa pm pe
f 0 dt 2
p.u
d 2 f 0
p p sin
f0
pa
and s are in electrical radian
m 2max
dt 2 H H
d

dt
d f 0 d 2
pa 2 p.u
dt H dt
Swing Equation
 References
1.Power system stability and control by
P.Kundur
2.Power system control and stability by
P.M.Anderson and A.A.Fouad.
Thank you