OMA000001 GSM Fundamentals ISSUE4.0

Internal
OMA000001
GSM Fundamentals
ISSUE 4.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as
frequency spectrum, frequency reuse etc.
Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the
protocol used.
Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS
Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and
understand the idea of multi-frame.
Know some radio techniques
Get the idea of EDGE

Page 2
References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual
BSC Technical Manual

Page 3
Chapter 1 GSM System Overview
Chapter 2 GSM Network Structure
Chapter 3 Service Area and Number Planning
Chapter 4 Channels on the Wireless Interface
Chapter 5 Radio Techniques
Chapter 6 GPRS & EDGE Introduction

Page 4
GSM system overview
The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system, eac
h physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a time sl
ot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power radi
os spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of radios
serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each grou
p of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different frequen
cies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex (FD
D)
Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots , sever
al slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time Divisio
n Multiple Access (TDMA)

Page 5
GSM Development
1989 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect
1991 GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)
1992 System was named as Global System for

Mobile Communication
1994 Provide services for the whole world
1996 Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

Page 6
Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that connect
ed to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services.

The BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficie
nt. So , it can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service a
rea with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse t
echnique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also
the whole capacity of the network.

Page 7
Multiple Access Technique
Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the

same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :
FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA together).

Page 8
FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency ch

annels to accomplish communicati
Frequency on.
The whole frequency spectrum av
ailable is divided into many individ
ual channels (for transmitting and r
eceiving) every channel can sup
port the traffic for one subscriber o
r some control information.
Time

Page 9
TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the

communication in different
Frequency timeslot.
A carrier is divided into
channels based on time.
Different signals occupy
different timeslots in certain
sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on
the same frequency in
Time different time.

Page 10
CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the
Frequency communication in different

code sequences.
Special coding is adopted
before transmission, then
different information will
lose nothing after being
mixed and transmitted
together on the same
frequency and at the
same time.
Time

Page 11
Page 12
The Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800
Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz

Page 14
The Frequency Spectrum
Frequency Duplex
Frequency Downlink Channels
Range (MHz) Uplink Frequency Point Separation
Spectrum Frequency No
Available (MHz)
UL 450.4~457.6 Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-25
GSM 450 259<=n<=293 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10 10 34
DL 460.4~467.6 9)
UL 478.8~486
GSM 480 Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) 306<=n<=340 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+10 10 34
DL 488.8~496
UL 824~849 Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n-12
GSM 850 128<=n<=251 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45 45 123
DL 869~894 8)
UL 880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

E-GSM 900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45 45 172
DL 925~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 975<=n<=1023
UL 876~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

R-GSM 900 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+45 45 192
DL 921~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 955<=n<=1023
UL 1710~1785 Fu(n)=1710.2+0.2(n-51
DCS 1800 512<=n<=885 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+95 95 373
DL 1805~1880 2)
UL 1850~1910 Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n-51
PCS 1900 512<=n<=810 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+80 80 298
DL 1930~1990 2)

Page 15
Frequency Reuse
The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.

The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in
different places.
The quality of communication must be ensured.

Page 16
4/12

Page 18
Cell Types
Omni
Omni-directional
Omni-directional Cell
Cell
1
1
120
120 Degree
Degree Cell
Cell 120
degree 2
3

Page 19

Page 20
GSM-GPRS Network Component
PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS
PCU
SS7
BSC SMS system
MS
BTS
GPRS Backbone Internet,
SGSN Intranet
GGSN
OMC CG BG
Other PLMN

Page 21
Interface Between Different Entities
B PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
A
Abis BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS C/D/Gs
PCU
SS7
BSC Gb SMS system
MS Um Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
BTS
GPRS backbone Internet,
SGSN Gi Intranet
Ga GGSN
OMC CG BG
Gp Other PLMN

Page 22
Interfaces GSM/GPRS
INTERFACE ENTITIES SIGNALING AND
RELATED PROTOCOL
Um MS - BTS DTAP (Direct Transfer Application Part)
Abis BTS BSC Internal Protocol (LAPD)
A BSC MSC BSAP (Base Station Application Part)
B MSC VLR Internal Protocol
C MSC HLR MAP (Mobile Application Part)
D VLR HLR MAP (Mobile Application Part)
Ga GGSN - CG GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)
Gb BSS SGSN SNDCP (SubNetwork Dependent Convergence

Protocol), BSSGP (BSS GPRS Protocol)
Gd SGSN - SMS MAP (Mobile Application Part)
Ge SGSN GSMSCF CAP (CAMEL Application Part)
Gi GGSN PDN IP (Internet Protocol)
Gn (misma PLMN) SGSN SGSN GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)
Gp (diferente PLMN) SGSN - SGSN GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)
Gr SGSN HLR MAP (Mobile Application Part)
Gs SGSN - MSC BSSAP+ (Base Station Subsystem Application Part)

Page 23
Mobile StationMS
MS=ME+SIM
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Subscriber Identity Module

Page 24
Subscriber Identity Module SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
SIM
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

Page 25
Page 26
Base Station Subsystem BSS
MSC
The Base Station Controller
BSC
BSS
The Base Transceiver Station
TC/SM
TC/SM
BTS
The Trans-coder TC and

BSC
BSC
Sub multiplexer (SM)
BTS
BTS

Page 27
Packet Control Unit-----PCU
MSC
Packet data swit
ching
Bridge between
SGSN and BSC BSS

Provide Pb and TC/SM
TC/SM GPRS
Gb interface Backbone
BSC
BSC PCU
PCU SGSN
SGSN
Pb
BTS
BTS Gb

Page 28
The Network Switching System
NSS AUC
AUC
HLR
HLR
OMC EIR
EIR
EC
EC PSTN
MSC/VLR
MSC/VLR
Mobile-service Switching Center MSC

Home Location Register HLR
Visitor Location Register VLR
Equipment Identity Register EIR BSS
Authentication Center AUC
Echo Cancellor EC
Page 29
Mobile-service Switching Center MSC
Call Processing
Operations and Maintenance Support
Interface management
Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing

Page 30
Home Location Register HLR
Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)

Current subscriber VLR (current location)
Supplementary service information
Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
Authentication key and AuC functionality

Page 31
Visitor Location Register VLR
Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
Allocating the Roaming Number (MSRN)

Page 32
Equipment Identity Register EIR
White List
Black List
IMEI is Checked In White List
Grey List
If NOT found,
checked against
Grey/Black List
EIR focus on the

equipment , not the IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
subscriber!!

Page 33
Page 34
Page 35
OMC Functional Architecture
Event/Alarm Security
Management Management
MMI
OS DB
Fault Configuration
Management Management
Performance
Management

Page 36

Page 37
Service Area
Service Area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...
Location area... Location area...

......
cell cell

Page 38
Page 39
CC NDC H0H1H2H3
HLR Number

Page 40
LAI (Location Area Identity)
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC: Location Area Code It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011

Page 41
CGI (Cell Global Identity)
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001

Page 42
BSIC (Base Station Identity Code)
NCC BCC
BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be
distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned the same
frequency!

Page 43
MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234

Page 44
IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI
MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001

Page 45
TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber

authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and notifies
them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber
on the air interface is kept secret.
The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by
the operator.

Page 46
IMEI (International Mobile Station Equipment Identity)
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI
TAC:
TAC:Type
Type approval
approval code,
code, 66 bit,
bit, determined
determined by by the
the type
type approval
approval center
center
FAC:
FAC: Final
Final assembly
assembly code,
code, 22 bit,
bit, ItIt isis determined
determined by by the
the manufacturer.
manufacturer.
SNR:
SNR: Serial
Serial number,
number, 66 bits,
bits, ItIt isis issued
issued byby the
the manufacturer
manufacturer of of the
the MS.
MS.
SP:
SP: 11 bit
bit ,, Not
Not used.
used.
Check
Check the
the IMEI
IMEI in
in your
your MS
MS :: *#06#
*#06#

Page 47
Page 48

Page 49
Physical Channel and Logical Channel
The physical channel is the medium over which the

information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
The logical channel consists of the information carried

over the physical channels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
Timeslot The
Theinformation
informationcarried
carriedin
inone
onetime
time
slot
slotis
iscalled
calledaaburst
burst
TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME

Page 50
Two types of Logical Channel
Traffic Channel (TCH) :

Transmits traffic information, include data
and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :

Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of
control information.

Page 51
Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCH
Traffic Channels
Speech Data
TCH/FS TCH/HS
TCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s TCH/4.8
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
Page 52
Control Channel (CCH)
CCH (Control Channels)
DCCH BCH
SDCCH ACCH
BCCH Synch. CH.
FACCH SACCH CCCH

SCH FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH RACH CBCH

Common Control Channel CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
Associated Control Channel ACCH PCH/AGCH

Page 53
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH
The information carried on the BCCH CCH
is monitored by the MS
BCH
periodically when it is in idle mode
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel Synch.

BCCH Channels
SCH: Synchronization Channel
SCH FCCH

Page 54
Common Control Channel CCCH
The CCCH is responsible for CCH

transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
network.
CCCH
RACH: Random Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel

RACH CBCH
AGCH: Access Granted Channel uplink downlink
CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel

PCH/AGCH
downlink

Page 55
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
CCH
DCCH is assigned to a single
wireless connection for
measurement and handover
purpose. DCCH
SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control Channel
SACCH: Slow Associated SDCCH ACCH
Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated Control
Channel
FACCH SACCH

Page 56
Uplink Logical channel
CCH
RACH CCCH
SDCCH
SACCH DCCH DCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

Page 57
Downlink Logical channel
FCCH
BCCH
CCH SCH
BCCH
PCH
CCCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCCH
DCH SACCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H

Page 58
How to use these channels?
Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst
FCCH
Search for synchronous burst
SCH
Extract system information
BCCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message
PCH
Send access burst
RACH
Allocate signaling channel
Dedicated mode
AGCH
Set up the call
SDCCH
Allocate voice channel
SDCCH
Conversation
TCH
Release the call
Idle mode FACCH

Page 59
Packet logic channel
Packet data channel (PDCH) TCH

Comprising packet service channel and packet control channel
TCH
Packet service channel (PDTCH)
Combined into the single-directional service channel
BCCH
Packet control channel CCCH
SACCH
Broadcast control channel: PBCCH
Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH
Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH

Page 60
GSM Logical Channel Combination
Main BCCH combination FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH

SDCCH combination SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
Combined BCCH BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4
TCH/FR combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
TCH/HR combination TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H

Page 61
Combination of packet logic channel
Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the following three modes
Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the same BCCH an
d CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination mode 3 is needed in the cell
With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should be configured in the
cell. Channel combination mode 1 and mode 2 should be adopted

Page 62
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50
51 Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL
CHANNELS
Page 63
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25
26 Frame Multi-frames
TRAFFIC
CHANNELS

Page 64

Page 65
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink
power settings can be
controlled independently
5W
and individually.
0.8W
Saves battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
8W
BCCH -------
Does not attend Power control

Page 66
DTX and VAD
Discontinuous Transmission DTX
Voice Activity Detection VAD
Battery Saving
Interference reduction

Page 67
Timing Advance (TA)
The mobile phone should
send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t

Page 68
Multi-path Fading
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion

Page 69
Diversity Whats Diversity?
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both
overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel and
increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e. low enough

correlated) fading between antenna branches i.e. not all antennas
experience fades at the same time.

Page 70
Kinds of Diversity t
Time diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
f
Frequency hopping
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer

Page 71
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Frame
Time

Page 72

Page 73
GSM Development Evolution
3G
2Mbps
2.5G IMT-2000
384kbps
EDGE
2G 115 kbps
57.6 kbps GPRS
9.6 kbps HSCSD
GSM

Page 74
Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
GMSK 8PSK

Page 75
Huawei EDGE Test Result
Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9

Page 76
The basic idea of GSM
Summary The frequency spectrum used in GSM
The structure of GSM
Certain service area and numbers
Some radio techniques used in GSM
Evolution of GSM

Page 77
Thank You
www.huawei.com

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Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

BSS Feature Description

BSS Signaling Analysis Manual

BSC Technical Manual

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

1989 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect

1991 GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)

1992 System was named as Global System for

1994 Provide services for the whole world

1996 Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to use the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

FDMA uses different frequency ch

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

TDMA accomplishes the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Frequency communication in different

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

UL 880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

UL 876~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n 0<=n<=124

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

Abis BTS BSC Internal Protocol (LAPD)

A BSC MSC BSAP (Base Station Application Part)

B MSC VLR Internal Protocol

C MSC HLR MAP (Mobile Application Part)

D VLR HLR MAP (Mobile Application Part)

Ga GGSN - CG GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)

Gb BSS SGSN SNDCP (SubNetwork Dependent Convergence

Gd SGSN - SMS MAP (Mobile Application Part)

Ge SGSN GSMSCF CAP (CAMEL Application Part)

Gi GGSN PDN IP (Internet Protocol)

Gn (misma PLMN) SGSN SGSN GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)

Gp (diferente PLMN) SGSN - SGSN GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol)

Gr SGSN HLR MAP (Mobile Application Part)

Gs SGSN - MSC BSSAP+ (Base Station Subsystem Application Part)

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International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

International Mobile Subscriber Identity

Location Area Identity (LAI)

Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

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The Base Station Controller

The Trans-coder TC and