HEPATITIS B

GROUP #15
Abcede, Gianne Maureen L.
Azurin, Ma. Erika Lourdes D.
Borromeo, Bea Pamela M.
 I. DEFINITION
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver.
The condition can be self-limiting or can
progress to fibrosis (scarring), cirrhosis
or liver cancer. Hepatitis viruses are the
most common cause of hepatitis in the
world but other infections, toxic
substances (e.g. alcohol, certain drugs),
and autoimmune diseases can also cause
hepatitis.
 I. DEFINITION
Hepatitis B is a potentially serious form
of liver inflammation due to infection by
the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It occurs in
both rapidly developing (acute) and
long-lasting (chronic) forms, and is one
of the most common chronic infectious
diseases worldwide. An effective vaccine
is available that will prevent the disease
in those who are later exposed.
 II. SYNONYMS
Serum Hepatitis
Diffuse Hepatocellular Inflammatory
Disease
HBV (Hepatitis B Virus)
III. MORPHOLOGICAL
DESCRIPTION
Ultrastructural examination of sera from
hepatitis B patients shows three distinct
morphological forms:
1.) The most abundant are small,
spherical, noninfectious particles, containing
HBsAg, that measure 17 to 25 nm in diameter.
III. MORPHOLOGICAL
DESCRIPTION
2.) Tubular, filamentous forms of
various lengths, but with a diameter
comparable to that of the small particles,
are also observed. They also contain
HBsAg polypeptides.
III. MORPHOLOGICAL
DESCRIPTION
3.) The hepatitis B virion is a complex,
spherical 42-nm particle comprising an electron-
dense core (nucleocapsid) 27 nm in diameter
surrounded by an outer envelope of the surface
protein (HBsAg) embedded in membranous lipid
derived from the host cell. The surface antigen is
produced in excess by the infected hepatocytes
and is secreted in the form of 22-nm particles and
tubular structures of the same diameter (initially
referred to as Australia antigen).
 Figure 70-3 Electron micrograph of serum containing hepatitis B virus after
negative staining.

The three morphologic forms are shown intermingled in this photograph: small
pleomorphic spherical particles 20 to 22 nm in diameter; tublar forms; 42nm double-
shelled virus. (X400.00)
 commonly spread from mother to child at birth
(perinatal transmission)
through exposure to infected blood, especially
from an infected child to an uninfected child
during the first 5 years of life (horizontal
transmission )
by percutaneous or mucosal exposure to infected
blood and various body fluids, as well as through

Mode of
saliva, menstrual, vaginal, and seminal fluids.

Transmissi
 Sexual transmission of hepatitis B may
occur, particularly in unvaccinated men
who have sex with men and heterosexual
persons with multiple sex partners or
contact with sex workers.

Mode of
Transmissi
 Transmission of the virus may also occur
through the reuse of needles and syringes
either in health-care settings or among
persons who inject drugs.
*infection can occur during medical,
surgical and dental procedures, tattooing, or
through the use of razors and similar objects
that are contaminated with infected blood.
Mode of
Transmissi
 Mode of
Transmissi
 yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice),
dark urine
extreme fatigue nausea
vomiting and abdominal pain
acute liver failure which can lead to death.
chronic liver infection that can later
develop into cirrhosis of the liver or liver
Signs and
cancer.

Symptom
 blood tests

Diagnostic &
Laboratory
 hepatitis B virus can survive outside the body
for at least 7 days
During this time, the virus can still cause
infection if it enters the body of a person
who is not protected by the vaccine

Incubation
Period
 The incubation period of the hepatitis B
virus is 75 days on average, but can vary
from 30 to 180 days. The virus may be
detected within 30 to 60 days after infection
and can persist and develop into chronic
hepatitis B

Incubation
Period
 If a chronically infected mother gives birth,
90% of the time her infant will be infected and
develop chronic hepatitis B is usually for life
may give rise to serious complications of
liver disease later in life such as liver
damage, liver failure, and liver cancer.

IX.
 Some people rapidly improve after acute
hepatitis B.
Some have more prolonged disease course
with very slow improvement over several
months, or with periods of improvement
followed by worsening of symptoms.

IX.
 Some suffer rapid progression of their illness
during the acute stage and develop severe
liver damage (fulminate hepatitis). This may
occur over days to weeks and may be fatal.

IX. Prognosis
 Other complications of HBV include
development of a chronic HBV infection.
-> People with chronic HBV infection are at further
risk for liver damage (cirrhosis), liver cancer, liver
failure, and death.

IX.
Complications: Cirrhosis
the most common
complication of
chronic hepatitis.
This occurs as the
liver is destroyed and
it is associated with
liver failure, a life-
threatening condition.

IX.
Complications: Cirrhosis
The signs include retention
of fluid, fatigue, nausea, and
weight loss. Later, confusion
and jaundice occur due to
the accumulation of
chemicals normally
removed by a healthy liver.

IX.
Complications: Liver Cancer

liver cancer develop silently

as the liver becomes
cirrhotic.
Blood tests, ultrasound
examinations, CT and MRI
scans can identify the
cancers.

IX.
 treatment is aimed at controlling the virus
and preventing damage to the liver.

X.
 Antiviral medications are available that will
benefit most people, but the medications
need to be chosen carefully, and the
treatment needs to be monitored in order to
assure successful treatment

X.
 If testing discloses that you have viral
hepatitis there are steps to prevent your
passing the viruses to family and friends.
Not sharing needles, razors, nail clippers, or
toothbrushes also will reduce transmission
of viral hepatitis.
Everyone should be vaccinated against
hepatitis B.
XI. Preventive /
Control
 Vaccines can protect
against hepatitis A
and B. Vaccination for
hepatitis A also
should be given to
people with hepatitis
B and C.

XI. Preventive /
Control
 If the mother has chronic hepatitis B, the
infant should receive the hepatitis B
vaccine as well as hepatitis B immune
globulin to prevent the development of
chronic hepatitis B.

XI. Preventive /
Control
Protecting Your Liver

If you have chronic hepatitis, you should

prevent further damage to your liver, for
XI. Preventive /
example, by not drinking alcohol.

Control
Protecting Your Liver
Since some medications and supplements
can damage the liver, before taking them
you should discuss it with your doctor.
Regular appointments for follow-up are
important. Early progression of the disease
or complications are likely to change
treatment.
XI. Preventive /
Control
 REFERENCES
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/f
s204/
en
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.c
om/hepatitis+
B
http://www.who.int/features/qa/76/en /
https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/hepatit
is-b
/
http://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/hepatitis- b
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7864/