Plant Anatomy

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

By:
Lilik Hidayah, SPd
SMAN 1 JEMBER
 PETA KONSEP
STRUKTUR TUMBUHAN
JARINGAN ORGAN
JRG.MERISTEMJRG.DEWASAAKAR BATANG DAUN BUNGA
LETAK DERMAL
APIKAL EPIDERMIS
LATERAL PERIDERMIS
INTERKALARJRG.DASAR
ASAL PARENKIM
JRG.PENGUAT
PRIMER
SEKUNDER KOLENKIM
SKLERENKIM
JRG.PEMBULUH
XILEM
FLOEM
 PLANT TISSUE
1. Growth Tissues : Meristems.
2. Dermal tissue : Epidermis, epidermis
3. Ground tissue : Parenchyma, Collenchyma,
and Sclerenchyma
4. Vascular tissue:
a. Xylem : tracheids & vessel
b. Phloem : sieve tube elements and companion cells
Meristematic Tissue
(Growth Tissues/jaringan embrional)

Plants grow from localized areas called meristems.

They are discrete regions or groups of cells that
have the ability to continue cell division for the life of
the plant
These cells are not specialized when they are
produced-do not have an assigned tissue
Meristems: clusters of tissues that produce new
plant growth
Meristematic tissue is the only plant tissue that
produces new cells by mitosis
JARINGAN EMBRIONAL
(MERISTEM)

Jaringan yang:
mampu membelah terus-menerus
belum mengalami deferensiasi dan spesialisasi
Berasal dari perkembangan jaringan embrio pada
biji, yaitu promeristem

Ciri umum:
Dinding tipis
Ukuran kecil
Nukleus besar
Kaya sitoplasma
Bentuk kuboid atau prisma
 Meristems

Meristems generate two types of cells

Apical meristems (primary meristem)
Lateral meristems (secundery meristem)

Apical meristems of root and shoot allow for

increase in length - primary growth
lateral meristems allow for increase in girth
(diameter) - secondary growth
Apical Meristems
Group of undifferentiated cells that
divide to produce increased length of
stems and roots
Located at the very tip of each stem
and root.
Both contain small, rapidly dividing,
undifferentiated cells

Apical meristem
Apical at tip of shoot
meristem at
root tip Primery
Meristems
Root apical meristem is covered by protective root cap
Apical meristems give rise to primary tissues:
(Heberlant *)

1. Protoderm:
outermost layer of primary meristem, give rise to
epidermis, many with root hairs
2. Procambium:
forms stele (central cylinder) containing vascular
cambium, xylem and phloem primary
3. Ground meristem:
produces tissues that fill in between the epidermis
and vascular tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma,
and sclerenchyma
Aktivitas meristem menghasilkan:
1. sel initial
2. sel derivat/turunan
Secundery meristems
Jaringan meristem yang berasal dari meristem primer
yang mengalami sedikit deferensiasi atau berasal dari
jaringan dewasa yang meristematik kembali

Secundery/Lateral meristems produce secondary

growth, include:
1. Vascular cambium produces secondary
vascular tissue (secondary xylem and phloem)
2. Cork cambium - produces cork cells
(PERIDERM) of outer bark as diameter
increases protective coat of plant
 Jaringan Meristem
Macam meristem secunder:
1. Kambium faskuler
fungsi:
- arah dalam membentuk xilem secunder
- arah luar membentuk floem secunder
macam: - kambium intravaskuler
- kambium ekstravaskuler/intervaskuler

Floem
Xilem
Kambium intrafaskuler
Kambium interfaskuler
 Jaringan Meristem
2. Kambium gabus/felogen
berasal dari jaringan korteks yang terluar yang
meristematik kembali
aktivitas;
- arah dalam membentuk feloderm
- arah luar membentuk felem
 2. Meristem Interkalar

Jaringan Meristem
Letak: diantara jaringan
dewasa
Turunan meristem apikal
Ex. pada pangkal ruas
batang monokotil
Fungsi:
1. Memperpanjang ruas secara
vertikal
2. Munculnya bunga aksiler
ADULT TISSUE
JARINGAN DEWASA

Three main tissue systems

1. Dermal tissue
- Epidermal cells
2. Ground tissue
-Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
3. Vascular tissue
- Xylem : tracheids and vessel elements
- Phloem : sieve tube elements and companion cells

All three types of tissue are found in every plant organ-

roots, stems, and leaves
Dermal Tissue System (Skin)
- covers entire plant body-

1. EPIDERMAL
CELLS
Dermal tissue:
Contain epidermal cells which
are often covered with a waxy
layer to protect against water
loss
Waxy layer known as the cuticle
Sometimes contain tiny
projections called trichomes that
protect the leaf and give it a
fuzzy appearance
epidermal cells originate from
protoderm
 Jaringan Dewasa
Epidermal tissue
Ciri-ciri umum:
Selapis sel pipih
Susunan rapat, tidak ada ruang antar sel
Tidak berklorofil
Bagian luar dilapisi kutikula

Function:
Cover surface organs
Protection from the environment (kerusakan
fisik), patogen, and water loss.
Epidermal tissue
DERIVAT EPIDERMAL
Specialized cells in the epidermis, include:
1. Guard cells
2. Trichomes
3. Root hairs are
extensions of individual
epidermal cells
4. Spina at the stem
5. Velamen
6. Secretory cell
 SEL KIPAS
STOMA

SPINA
2. PERIDERMAL CELLS
a corky tissue that replaces epidermis on woody
plant parts

Terdiri atas jaringan gabus

Mengalami penebalan dinding sel dari suberin
Merupakan sel mati
Terdapat pada tumbuhan dikotil berkayu
Fungsi menggantikan kedudukan epidermis
sebagai pelindung batang dan mengurangi
penguapan air
Dermal tissue
PARENCHYMA:
main component of ground tissue
Cells have thin cell walls and large central
vacuoles
In leaves, parenchyma is the main site of
photosynthesis
Packed with chloroplasts

Parenchyma - irregularly shaped thin walled

living cells that fill much of the interior of a root,
shoot, or fruit
 Jaringan Dewasa
Jaringan Parenkim
(Jaringan Dasar)
Fungsi:
memperkuat kedudukan jaringan lain
melaksanakan sebagian fungsi metabolik tumbuhan
synthesis and storage

Ciri umum:
Bentuk poligonal/isodiametrik
Dinding sel tipis, lentur,
tidak memiliki dinding secunder
Banyak terdapat ruang antar sel
Letak inti basalis
Organel sel lengkap
Can divide and become specialized cells
 Jaringan Dewasa
Struktur parenkim menjadikan kemampuannya
untuk meristematik kembali, fungsi:
Penyembuhan luka
Regenerasi
Pembentukan akar samping
Tunas adventif
Kultur jaringan
 Parenchyma

Parenchyma

Can you identify which cells are parenchyma?

Which cells are the epidermal cells?
Which cells form bundles of vascular tissue?
 Jaringan Dewasa
Macam-macam jaringan parenkim yang
memiliki fungsi spesifik:
1. Parenkim asimilasi (khlorenkim)
2. Parenkim penyimpan air
3. Parenkim penyimpan udara (aerenkim)
4. Parenkim penyimpan cadangan makanan
5. Parenkim pengangkut
 In roots, parenchyma cells function in carbohydrate storage.

Thin walled, round, numerous functions

Ground tissue

In leaves, parenchyma cells function in photosynthesis and gas exchange.

COLLENCHYMA
Function: flexible support in young plant

Collenchyma: ground tissue cells that have

strong, flexible cell walls that help support larger
plant

The collenchyma cells have thick cell walls and

are located just below the epidermal cells.
Support tissue

Collenchyma cells
Collenchyma cells
 Collenchyma cells

Elongated cells, thickened walls, but flexible and expandable

SCLERENCHYMA
Made up of sclerenchyma cells
Dead at maturity (nonliving cells )
VERY thick walls , more costly then collenchyma
Cell walls reinforced with lignin
Function: structural strength
Two main types:
1. fibers - long sclerenchyma cells
slender cells grouped together into strands that provide
support. Addition of fibers to wood makes wood
hardwood, ex. linen fibers from flax
2. Sclerids - short sclerenchyma cells
irregular shaped cells found in groups and serve to
strengthen and protect, ex. grit of pears
Ground Tissue- Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma cells have extremely thick cell walls that make ground tissue
tough and strong

Sclera- latin for hard

This image contains sclerenchyma and

parenchyma cells. Which is which?
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
(a) Fibers (b) Sclereids

Lignified (secondary cell wall), Short, variable shapes, tough

often dead at maturity Xylem
Jaringan Penguat
1. KOLENKIM

2. SKLEREID 3. FIBER SKLERENKIM

Jaringan Penguat:

Jaringan Dewasa
Jaringan kolenkim: Jaringan sklerenkim:
Jaringan penguat pada Jaringan penguat pada
batang muda dikotil batang monokotil
Penebalan dinding tidak Penebalan dinding
merata, hanya pada merata
sudut-sudutnya Penebalan dinding dari
Penebalan dinding dari lignin
selulosa dan pektin Sifat keras, kaku
Sifat lentur Merupakan sel mati
Umumnya bentuk segi Macam:
enam 1. Sklereid
Sel hidup, protoplasma 2. Fiber
aktif
vascular tissue
Function: Translocation of water, nutrients,, sugars and
hormones throughout the plant
1. xylem
function: for conducting water and dissolved minerals up
root to stem and leaves. Contain as:
sel pembuluh kayu: trakea (vessel elements, trakeid)
Fiber xylem (scerenchyma xylem)
Parenchyma xilem
2. phloem
function: for conducting carbohydrates and other substances
necessary for plant growth. Contain as:
Sieve tube elements (floem cells)
Fiber floem (scerenchyma floem)
Parenchyma floem
Companion cells
XYLEM
Xylem and phloem are each composed of specialized cells

Xylem, the water transport tissue, contains cells known as

tracheids, which are long narrow cells that have cell walls
impermeable to water
Tracheids contain openings that connect the cells to one
another
Mature tracheids die, allowing their cytoplasm to
disintegrate, and then begin to conduct water

Angiosperms have xylem cells called vessel elements: wider

then tracheids, stacked on top of each other
Form one long hollow tube
Xylem: tracheid and vessel element
 Vascular Tissue- Xylem

Above and right: tracheids

Far right: vessel elements
Tracheids are spindle shaped and have pits.

Longitudinal section
Vessel elements are short and wide and have perforations.

Longitudinal section
Tracheids and
vessel
elements
together in
vascular tissue

Tracheids Vessel elements

Phloem
Sieve tube elements: main phloem cells
Arranged end to end to form sieve tubes
Contain holes that material moves through into cells

Hollow out as they mature - Organelles stick to sides

of tube

Companion cells:
phloem cells that surround and support sieve tube
elements
Vascular Tissue- Phloem
Sieve-
tube
member
s
Compa
nion
cells

Sieve-
tube
member
s
Compa
nion
cells
 Sieve plate

Sieve-tube
members

Companion
cells
Xylem-Floem
Berkas Pengangkut
Skleren
Ce
Macam-Macam Tipe Berkas Pembuluh

Jaringan Dewasa
 Apa tipe berkas pengangkut pada
jaringan di bawah ini!

B
C

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BE CONTINU . . . . . . . . . . .