EXTRACTION

SEPARATION PROCESS

A TERM PAPER PRESENTATION

BY
ABDULLAHI S. IBRAHIM (P13EGCE8001)
ALHASSAN A. JAOJI (P13EGCE8030)
AMINU UBA ALHASSAN (P13EGCE8026)
BASHIR A. ABBA (P13EGCE8027)
ELOBUIKE AFRICANUS CHINEDU (P13EGCE8036)
MOHAMMED D. ABBA (P13EGCE8017)
OBAJULU EZEKIEL AYO (P13EGCE8010)
SANI INUWA LAMIDO (P13EGCE8028)
VICTOR ALI MENTA (P13EGCE8023)

MARCH, 2015
 OUTLINE
What is extraction?
Features of extraction process
Terminology
Some features of extraction
Simplified scheme of extraction process
Mechanisms of solvent extraction
Equilibrium data
Types of mixtures
Triangular diagrams
Example of triangle diagram
Calculation of number of theoretical stages: co-current contact
Calculation of number of theoretical stages: counter-current
contact
Extraction equipment
References
WHAT IS EXTRACTION?

Extraction is a process whereby a mixture

of several substances in the liquid phase

is at least partially separated upon

addition of a liquid solvent in which the

original substances have different

 TERMINOLOGY
SOLUTE: This is the component of interest
to be extracted
CARRIER: This is the original solvent from
which the solute is to be extracted
SOLVENT: The component used to recover
the solute
EXTRACT: Mixture of solute and extracting
solvent after extraction
RAFFINATE: Mixture of carrier and solute
after extraction
 SOME FEATURES OF
EXTRACTION PROCESS
It is a separation technique based on
difference in solubility of components
Liquid Liquid process
Typically carried out at near ambient
temperatures
It may be carried out through co-current
or counter-current contact
A high degree of separation may be
achieved with several extraction stages in
series
 SIMPLIFIED SCHEME OF
EXTRACTION PROCESS
The extraction process takes place in an
extractor which consists of a vertical
column with numerous contactor plates.

Figure 1: A simplified diagram of extraction step in solvent extraction

 MECHANISMS OF
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
DISSOLUTION: The impurities have a
higher solubility in the solvent than
they do in the feed so that when they
come in contact with the solvent, they
get drawn into it.

PRECIPITATION: The impurities are

caused to precipitate out of the
product.
 EQUILIBRIUM DATA

equilibrium, the ratio of the

At
concentration of the solutes in the two
phases is given by:

Where
 TYPES OF MIXTURES
Type A: A homogeneous solution may be
formed; then the selected solvent is unsuitable.
Type B: The solvent may be completely
immiscible with the initial solvent.
Type C: The solvent may be partially miscible
with the original solvent resulting in the
formation of one pair of partially miscible liquid
Type D: The new solvent may lead to the
formation of two or three partially miscible
liquids
 TRIANGULAR DIAGRAMS
For mixture of Type B, the equilibrium
relation is conveniently shown by a plot of
concentration of solute in one phase against
the concentration in the second phase.
Mixtures of Types C and D are usually
represented by triangular diagrams.
Types of triangles used are right angled
isosceles triangle and equilateral triangle.
In this study, equilateral triangle will be
used.
 EXAMPLE OF TRIANGLE
DIAGRAM

Figure 2: Equilibrium relationship for acetone distributed between

water and methyl isobutyl ketone
 CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF
THEORETICAL STAGES: CO-CURRENT
CONTACT

Figure 3: Calculation of theoretical number of stages in co-current contact

CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF
THEORETICAL STAGES: CO-CURRENT
CONTACT (CONTD)

The total material balance:

F S M E1 R1 En Rn .......2
Component balance:
x f F ys S M 1 xm1................3
Where xf = composition of solute in feed
ys = composition of solute in solvent
xm1 = composition of solute in mixture
CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF
THEORETICAL STAGES: COUNTER-
CURRENT CONTACT

Figure 4: Counter-current contact extraction process

CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF
THEORETICAL STAGES: COUNTER-
CURRENT CONTACT (CONTD)

Material balance:

Rn 1 En Rn En 1 P........4
CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF
THEORETICAL STAGES: COUNTER-
CURRENT CONTACT (CONTD)

Figure 5: Determination of theoretical number of stages

in counter-current contact
 EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT

Mixer-settlers
Vertical tower
Agitated tower extractor
Centrifugal extractors
 REFERENCES
Geankoplis, Christie J. (1978). Transport Processes and Unit
Operations 3rd ed. New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall Inc.
McCabe, Warren L., Smith, Julian C. and Harriott, Peter (1993).
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 5th ed. Singapore:
McGraw-Hill.
Richardson, J. F., Harker, J. H. and Backhurst, J. R. (2002).
Chemical Engineering Volume 2. 5th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-
Heinemann
Seader, J. D. and Henley, Ernest J. (2006). Separation Process
Principles 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons
THANK YOU