CHAPTER 21

COORDINATION

21.1 NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 OBJECTIVES
State the organization of the nervous
system.
Explain the generation of action
potential, transmission and
characteristics of nerve impulse
along axon.
 COORDINATION

The way in which receptors

detect stimuli and nerve
impulses are sent to the
effectors
NERVOUS SYSTEM

COORDINATION

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Made up of highly specialized cells
whose function is to:
Receive stimuli Receptors
Convert the stimuli into electrical
impulses
Transduction
Transmit the impulses
to Effectors
 Sensory
receptor
Sensory
input

Motor
input

Brain & spinal

cord
Peripheral Central
Effecto nervous system nervous
(PNS) system (CNS)
 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The
The Nervous
Nervous System
System

Central
Central Nervous
Nervous Peripheral
Peripheral Nervous
Nervous
System
System (CNS)
(CNS) System
System (PNS)
(PNS)

Brain
Brain Spinal
Spinal Cord
Cord Motor
Motor Neurons
Neurons Sensory
Sensory
Neurons
Neurons

Somatic
Somatic Autonomic
Autonomic
Nervous
Nervous Nervous
Nervous
System
System System
System

Sympathetic
Sympathetic Parasympatheti
Parasympatheti
Division
Division cc Division
Division
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous
System (CNS)
Receives & processes
information

Initiates action

Consist of:
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS) Brain
Spinal
Cord

Outside of the brain and

spinal cord Nerves

Transmit signals
between CNS & the rest
of the body
Can be divided into:
.Sensory
Neurone
Conducts impulses from receptors to
the CNS
Informs the CNS of the state of the
body interior and exterior
Motor
.Neurone
Conducts impulses from CNS to
effectors (muscles/glands)
 1 Sensory
receptor 2 Sensory neuron

Brain

Ganglion

3
Motor
neuron Spinal
cord
Quadriceps 4
muscles

Interneuron

CNS
Nerve
Flexor
muscles
PNS

Figure 28.1B
 Motor
Neurons
Divided into:

. Somatic Nervous
System
Controls voluntary movements

Activates skeletal muscles

. Autonomic Nervous
System
Controls involuntary responses
Heart rate, peristalsis, sweating,
respiration

Actions are controlled in the medulla

and the hypothalamus in the brain

Influences organs, glands, & smooth

muscles
Autonomic Nervous
System
Consist of 2 types of neurons:
Preganglionic neuron Clusters of
Cell body in CNS neurons
Myelinated
Projects to the autonomic ganglion

Postganglionic neuron
Cell body in autonomic ganglion
Unmyelinated
Projects to the effector
Autonomic Nervous
System
2 divisions:
Sympathetic
Fight or flight
Energetic and
stressful
activities
Primes body for
intense skeletal
muscle activity
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
Leisure and maintenance activities
Digestion, defecation, and diuresis
Antagonistic
Control
Both act on the
same target but
often give
antagonist effect

Eg: heart rate

Sympathetic stimulation
causes HR to increase
Parasympathetic
stimulation causes HR to
decrease
 Differences Between the
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Nervous System
Sympathetic Parasympathe
tic
Position of Close to spinal Close to
ganglion cord effector
Preganglionic Short Long
neuron
Postganglionic Long Short
neuron
Neurotransmit Norepinephrin Acetylcholine
ter e
General effect Increase Decrease
 PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Brain Eye

Constricts Dilates
pupil Salivary pupil
glands
Stimulates
saliva Inhibits
production saliva
production

Lung Relaxes
Constricts
bronchi bronchi

Accelerates
Slows Adrenal heart
heart
Heart
gland
Stimulates
epinephrine
Liver and norepi-
Spinal Stomach nephrine release
cord
Stimulates Stimulates
stomach, Pancreas
glucose
pancreas, release
and intestines
Inhibits
Intestines stomach,
pancreas,
and intestines
Bladder
Stimulates Inhibits
urination urination

Promotes Promotes ejacu-

erection of Genitals lation and vaginal
genitals contractions
Figure 28.13
The Autonomic Nervous
System
The Autonomic Nervous
System
The Autonomic Nervous
System
The Autonomic Nervous
System
 MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF NEURON

Living cells have an electrical charge

difference across their cell surface
membrane
Due to the difference in the electrical
charge or voltage (concentration of ions)
on the outside and inside of a cell
Membrane Potential
Known as
 FORMATION OF RESTING
POTENTIAL
The membrane potential
Resting Potential of a neuron that is not
transmitting signals

Develops when the charge is

more negative within the cell
than from the outside

The voltage measured across the

plasma membrane is about -60 -
-80 mV
Resting potential is caused by the
cell membranes ability to maintain
Voltmeter
a +ve charge Plasma

on its OUTER surface

membrane Microelectrode
outside cell
70 mV

Microelectrode
inside cell
a -ve charge
on its INNER
(cytoplasmic) surface Axon

Neuron
Inside the neurons,
Higher K+ ions concentration
Lower Na+ ions concentration

Outside the neurons,

Higher Na+ ions concentration
Lower K+ ions concentration
Resting potential is generated and
maintained with help from
Active transport
Sodium-potassium pumps
Pump K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the
cell OUTSIDE OF CELL
K+ Na+ K+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Na +
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+
channel Na+

Plasma K+
Na+ - K+
membrane pump

K+
channel
Na+ K+
K+ K+
Protein
K+ K+
K+
K+
K+ Figure 28.3B
K K+
INSIDE OF CELL +
Passive transport (diffusion)
Passive ions channels (Na+ and K+)
OUTSIDE OF CELL
K+ Na+ K+ Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Na +
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+
channel Na
+

Plasma K+
Na+ - K+
membrane pump

K+
channel
Na+ K+
K+ K+
Protein
K+ K+
K+
K+
K+
K K+
INSIDE OF CELL +
Passive K+ ion channel
Most common type of passive ion
channel
OUTSIDE OF CELL
K+ K+ Na+
Neuron membrane is highly Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
permeable to K+ ions Na+ Na+
Na Na+ Na+
Passively diffuse out according to
+
Na+
Na+
channel Na+
the concentration gradient
Plasma K+
Potassium ion pumped into (active membrane Na+ - K+
pump
transport) the neuron can diffuse out.
K+
channel
Na+ K+
K+ K+
Protein
K+ K+
K+
K+
K+
K+ K+
INSIDE OF CELL
Passive Na+ ion channel
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Allows a slow diffusion of Na+ K+ Na+ K+ Na+
Na+
ions into the membrane Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
N Na+ Na+
a+ Na+
Na+
channel Na+
Permeability to Na+ ions is
lower than to the K+ ions Plasma
membrane
K+
Na+ - K+
pump

Na+ ions pumped out of the K+

channel
Na+
neuron cannot easily pass Protein
K+
K+
K+

back into the cell K+ K+

K+
K+
K+
K+ K+
INSIDE OF CELL
During resting potential:
Sodium-potassium pump
Pump Na+ out and K+ in actively

Passive ions channels

Pumps more K+ out than Na+ passively

Voltage-gated ions channels CLOSED

 Na+ NEXT LECTURE K+

Na+
K+
3 Additional Na+ channels open,
K+ channels are closed; interior of
4 Na+ channels close and
cell becomes more positive. inactivate. K+ channels
open, and K+ rushes
Na+
out; interior of cell more
Action
potential negative than outside.
3

4
2 5 The K channels close
+
Na+ Threshold
potential relatively slowly, causing
2 A stimulus opens some Na+ 1 1 a brief undershoot.
channels; if threshold is reached, 5
action potential is triggered. Resting potential

Neuron
Neuron
interior
interior
1 Resting state: voltage gated Na+
and K+ channels closed; resting
potential is maintained. 1 Return to resting state.

Figure 28.4