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COORDINATION
21.1 Nervous
System
PREVIOUS LECTURE
The
The Nervous
Nervous System
System
Central
Central Nervous
Nervous Peripheral
Peripheral Nervous
Nervous
System
System (CNS)
(CNS) System
System (PNS)
(PNS)
Brain
Brain Spinal
Spinal Cord
Cord Motor
Motor Neurons
Neurons Sensory
Sensory
Neurons
Neurons
Somatic
Somatic Autonomic
Autonomic
Nervous
Nervous Nervous
Nervous
THE System
System System
System
ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS Sympathetic
Sympathetic Parasympatheti
Parasympatheti
Division
Division cc Division
Division
SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
Explain the generation of action
potential, transmission and
characteristics of nerve impulse
along axon.
Action Potential
Depolarization
Repolarization
Hyperpolarization
An action potential is generated
when the voltage reaches a certain
critical point
Threshold level
> -55 mV
Depolarization
When threshold
level is reached,
action potential
is triggered
Depolarization
Voltage-gated
sodium channels
are sensitive to
voltage changes
Triggers more Na+
gated channels to
open
Becomes more
positivePositive
(+40mV) feedback
Repolarization
Membrane
becomes
impermeable to
Na+
Voltage-gated
sodium ion
channel inactive.
Repolarization
Voltage-gated
potassium channels
open
K+ diffuse out of the
cell
Down their
electrochemical
gradient
Restoring negative
charge inside of
the cell
Hyperpolarization
Voltage-gated
potassium channels
begins to close slowly
An excess of K+ ions
leave the axon
Inside of the
membrane
becomes more
negative
Below -70 mV
undershoot
Voltage-gated
potassium channels
eventually close
Resting potential of
(-60 - -80) mV is
reestablished by:
Na+/K+ pumps
Passive ion channels
Na+
K+
Na+
K+
3 Additional Na+ channels open,
K+ channels are closed; interior of
4 Na+ channels close and
cell becomes more positive. inactivate. K+ channels
open, and K+ rushes
Na+
out; interior of cell more
Action
potential negative than outside.
3
4
2 5 The K channels close
+
Na+ Threshold
potential relatively slowly, causing
2 A stimulus opens some Na+ 1 1 a brief undershoot.
channels; if threshold is reached, 5
action potential is triggered. Resting potential
Neuron
Neuron
interior
interior
1 Resting state: voltage gated Na+
and K+ channels closed; resting
potential is maintained. 1 Return to resting state.
Figure 28.4
Characteristics of An
Impulse
All-or-none event
Presence
The of of
presence myelin
myelinsheath
sheath
Diameter
The ofofaxon
diameter axon
Presence of myelin sheath
Saltatory Conduction
Diameter of axon