MULTIPLEXER

Multiplex many into one

It is the process of transmitting a large
number of information over a single line
MUX Combinational Logic circuits
Data selector It selects one of many
inputs and steers the information to the
output by properly selecting the selection
(control) lines
2 INPUT MULTIPLEXER (2X1);
(2:1)
4 INPUT MULTIPLEXER (4X1)
8 INPUT MULTIPLEXER (8X1)
8 INPUT MULTIPLEXER (8X1)
DEMULTIPLEXER
demultiplex one into many
It is the process of taking information from
one input and transmitting the same over one
of several outputs
DEMUX
Data Distributor It is logic circuit that
receives information on a single input and
transmit the same information over one of
several output lines by properly selecting the
selection lines
1X2 - DEMUX
1X8 - DEMUX
Thank you
Positive Clamper
Positive Clamper
A Positive diode clamper inserts a Positive DC level in
the output waveform.

During the ve half-cycle of the input voltage, the

diode is forward-biased, allowing the capacitor to
charge to a value near the peak of the input (V p(in)
0.7) [because of the voltage drop of 0.7 volts that exist
in the diode].

During the +ve half-cycle of the input voltage, the

diode is reverse-biased. Vp(in) of the +ve half cycle adds
to Vp(in) 0.7volts of the capacitor charge held during
the ve half cycle.

 The capacitor now discharges through the high

resistance of RL. So Vout will be [Vp(in) 0.7volts]
of the ve half cycle plus the Vp(in) of the +ve half
cycle.

For good clamping action, the RL.C time constant

should be at least ten times the period of the
input frequency.
Vout = [Vp(in) 0.7volts] + Vp(in) = 2Vp(in) 0.7volts
Negative Clamper
Negative Clamper
Negative Clamper
A -ve diode clamper inserts a -ve DC level in the
output waveform.

During the +ve half-cycle of the input voltage, the

diode is forward-biased, allowing the capacitor to
charge to a value near the peak of the input -(Vp(in)
0.7) [because of the voltage drop of 0.7 volts that
exist in the diode].

During the -ve half-cycle of the input voltage, the

diode is reverse-biased. -Vp(in) of the -ve half cycle
adds to (Vp(in) 0.7volts) of the capacitor charge held
during the +ve half cycle.
Negative Clamper
The capacitor now discharges through the high
resistance of RL.

So Vout will be -[Vp(in) 0.7volts] of the +ve half

cycle plus the -Vp(in) of the -ve half cycle.

For good clamping action, the RL.C time constant

should be at least ten times the period of the
input frequency.
Vout = -[Vp(in) 0.7volts] + (-Vp(in)) = -(2Vp(in)
0.7volts)
Biased positive clamper
Biased positive clamper
The circuit of a positively biased clamper is
shown in the above figure.
During the negative half cycle of the input
signal the diode is forward biased and acts
like a short circuit. The capacitor charges to
Vi + Vs . Applying the KVL to the input side

During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the

diode is reverse biased and it acts as an open circuit.
Hence Vs has no effect on Vo. Applying KVL around the
outside loop.
Biased negative clamper
Biased negative clamper

In the positive half cycle C gets charged through D to 10V

(peak of sine wave + 5 V) with the straight plate of C at a
higher potential. D Clips the output to a maximum of -5V.

In the negative half cycle D is reverse biased. The output can

reach a minimum of 15V (-VC + negative peak of sine wave).
SPECIAL PURPOSE
DIODES
Zener diodes
Varactor diodes
Light Emitting diodes
Photo diodes
Schottky diodes
Tunnel diodes
Zener diodes

Schematic Symbol of Zener diode

Zener diodes
A Zener diode is a PN junction diode that is
designed to operate in the reverse breakdown
region.

The breakdown voltage of a Zener diode is set

by carefully controlling the doping level during
manufacture.

So a Zener diode can be operated in the

breakdown region and finds application in voltage
regulator, since the breakdown voltage remains
constant over a specified range of reverse current
values.
 This breakdown is called Zener
breakdown.

But an ordinary diode cannot be

reused after breakdown in the RB
condition.

It becomes damaged and is called

avalanche breakdown.

In FB condition both ordinary and

V-I Characteristics of Zener
diode
Zener breakdown &
Regulation
Zener breakdown occurs at low reverse voltages.
A Zener diode is heavily doped to reduce the
breakdown voltage this causes a very thin depletion
region.

As a result, an intense electric field exists within the

depletion region. Near the Zener breakdown
voltage(Vz), the field is intense enough to pull
electrons from their valence band to conduction band
to create a heavy flow of current.

Zener diodes are commercially available with

breakdown voltages of 1.8 volts to 200 volts and
mainly finds application as a voltage regulator.
 Power dissipated (PZMAX) in a
Zener diode

PZMAX=IZMAX*VZ
Varactor diodes

Schematic Symbol of varactor

diode
Varactor diodes

Varactor diodes are also called

variable capacitance diodes.

In varactor diodes the junction

capacitance varies with the
reveres bias.

These diodes are commonly used

as electronic tuning circuits in
communication systems, Filters
Light Emitting diodes
Schematic Symbol of LED
Light Emitting diodes
LED converts electrical energy to light
energy .

LED diodes are made of light emitting SC

materials like GaAs, GaP, GaAsP etc.

During FB, the valence electrons are excited

to become conduction (free) electrons.

When recombination takes place, the

recombining electrons release energy in the
form of light.
Photo diodes
Schematic Symbol of photo diode
Photo diodes
Photo diodes converts light energy to
electrical energy.

Photo diodes are reverse biased diodes made of

light emitting materials like GaAs, GaP, GaAsP
etc..

When the PN junction is exposed to light, the

reverse current increases with the light intensity.

When there is no incident light, the reverse current

is almost negligible and is called the dark current.
Schottky diodes
Schematic Symbol of schottky
diode
Schottky diodes
Schottky diode is a metal-SC junction.

It is formed by joining a doped SC

region(usually N-type)with a metal
such as gold, silver or platinum.
Since it has a metal junction, it
provides fast switching and hence used
in high frequency applications.

These diodes are also called hot-

carrier diodes
Tunnel diodes
Schematic Symbol of tunnel
diode
Tunnel diodes

The tunnel diode exhibits a special characteristic

known as negative resistance.

This feature makes it useful in oscillator and

microwave amplifier applications.

 1.Voltage regulator is designed using -------------------

diodes

2.Communication tuning circuits are designed using

----------diodes

3.diodes which converts electrical energy to light

energy is called----------
4. diodes which converts light energy into electrical
energy are called--------
5.diodes which are used in high frequency applications
are called -----------
6.diodes which are used to design oscillator and
microwave amplifier are called-------