Hand Tool

A hand tool is any tool that is not a power tool that is,
one powered by hand (manual labor) rather than by an
engine. Some examples of hand tools are garden forks,
secateurs, rakes, hammers, spanners, pliers,
screwdrivers and chisels. Hand tools are generally less
dangerous than power tools.
Hand tools have been used by humans since the
Stone Age when stones were used for hammering and
cutting. During the Bronze Age tools were made by
casting the copper and tin alloys. Bronze tools were
sharper and harder than those made of stone. During
the Iron Age iron replaced bronze, and tools became
even stronger and more durable. The Romans
developed tools during this period which are similar to
those being produced today. In the period since the
industrial revolution, the manufacture of tools has
transitioned from being craftsman made to being
factory produced.

By Engineer Umer Iftikhar 1

Types of Measuring Tools
A steel rule is a simple measuring instrument
that is used for measuring distances and ruling
straight lines. It is used in diverse fields, such as
geometry, technical drawing, engineering and
construction.

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Folding Rule
A rule composed of light strips of wood joined by rivets
so as to be foldable, all the opening and closing parts
being in parallel planes.

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Calipers
A caliper is a device used to measure the distance
between two opposite sides of an object. A caliper can
be as simple as a compass with inward or outward-
facing points. The tips of the caliper are adjusted to fit
across the points to be measured, the caliper is then
removed and the distance read by measuring between
the tips with a measuring tool, such as a ruler.

Inside caliper
The inside calipers are used to measure the internal
size of an object.

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Outside caliper
Outside calipers are used to measure the external
size of an object.

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Vernier Caliper
It is a measuring instrument. It can be used to measure
length, diameter & depth of objects. they usually
measure to an accuracy of 0.001 of an inch (0.02mm).

By Engineer Umer Iftikhar 6

Gauges
A gauge or gage, in science and engineering, is a
device used to make measurements or in order to
display certain information, like time. A wide variety of
tools exist which serve such functions, ranging from
simple pieces of material against which sizes can be
measured to complex pieces of machinery. Depending
on usage, a gauge can be described as "a device for
measuring a physical quantity", for example "to
determine thickness, gap in space, diameter of
materials, or pressure of flow", or "a device that
displays the measurement of a monitored system by
the use of a needle are pointer that moves along a
calibrated scale.

1. Radius gauge
2. Feeler gauge
3. Wire gauge
4. Thread pitch gauge
5. Thread center gauge

By Engineer Umer Iftikhar 7

Radius Gauge
A radius gauge, also known as a fillet gauge, is a tool
used to measure the radius of an object. Radius
gauges require a bright light behind the object to be
measured.

By Engineer Umer Iftikhar 8

Feeler Gauge
A feeler gauge is a tool used to measure gap widths.
Feeler gauges are mostly used in engineering to
measure the clearance between two parts.
They consist of a number of small lengths of steel of
different thicknesses with measurements marked on
each piece. They are flexible enough that, even if they
are all on the same hinge, several can be stacked
together to gauge intermediate values.

By Engineer Umer Iftikhar 9

Wire Gauge
Wire gauge is a measurement of how large a wire is,
either in diameter or cross sectional area. This
determines the amount of electric current a wire can
safely carry, as well as its electrical resistance and
weight per unit of length. Wire gauge is applicable to
both electrical and non-electrical wires, being important
to electrical wiring and to structural cable.

By Engineer Umer Iftikhar 10

Thread Pitch Gauge
A thread gauge, also known as a screw pitch gauge
or pitch gauge, is used to measure the pitch or lead of
a screw thread. The uppermost gauge in the image is
an ISO metric pitch gauge, the larger gauge in the
center is for measuring the Acme thread form, and the
lower gauge is for Whitworth screws.

By Engineer Umer Iftikhar 11

Thread Center Gauge
Center gauges and fishtail gauges are gauges used
in lathe work for checking the angles when grinding the
profiles of single-point screw-cutting tool bits and
centers. In the image, the gauge on the left is called a
fishtail gauge or center gauge, and the one on the
right is another style of center gauge.

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Cutting Tool
In the context of machining, a cutting tool or cutter is any
tool that is used to remove material from the work piece by
means of shear deformation.
Cutting may be accomplished by single-point or multipoint
tools. Single-point tools are used in turning, shaping,
planning and similar operations, and remove material by
means of one cutting edge.

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Milling and drilling tools are often multipoint tools.
Grinding tools are also multipoint tools. Each grain of
abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting
edge, and shears a tiny chip.
Cutting tools must be made of a material harder than the
material which is to be cut.

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The angle of the cutting face is also important, as is the
flute width, number of flutes or teeth, and margin size. In
order to have a long working life, all of the above must be
optimized, plus the speeds and feeds at which the tool is
run.

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 Layout Tools & Marking

Laying Out
Process of scribing or marking center points, circles,
arcs, or straight lines on metal
1. Indicates shape of object
2. Amount of metal to be removed
3. Position of holes to be drilled
. Layouts made from baseline
Layouts of two types: basic (semi precision) and
precision

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 Layout Solutions

Layout very important to accuracy of finished

product
Surface of metal coated with layout solution
to make layout lines visible
Surface should be clean and free of grease
Several types of solutions available

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 Types of Solutions
Layout dye or bluing
Most common
Quick-drying, good sharp background

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 Types of Solutions

Copper sulfate solution

Few drops of sulfuric acid added to solution gives
copper-colored surface
Used on ferrous metal only
Surface must be absolutely clean of grease

Mixture of vermilion powder and shellac

Used for Aluminum
Alcohol used to thin solution or remove it

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 Types of Solutions

Chalking
Mixture of lime and alcohol
Used for castings and hot-rolled steel
Readily clings to rough surface of castings

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 Layout Tables and Surface
Plates
Work performed on layout table or surface plate (Granite
or Cast-iron)
Do not become burred
Do not rust
Are not affected by temperature change
Do not have internal stresses and therefore will not
warp or distort
Are nonmagnetic
Can be used for checking near grinding machines

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 Care of Surface Plates and
Layout Tables

Keep working surface clean

Cover plate or table when it is not in use
Carefully place work on surface plate
Use parallels under work piece whenever possible
Never hammer or punch any layout on surface plate
Remove burrs from cast-iron plates and protect surfaces
with thin film of oil when not in use

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 Scribers

Has hardened steel point(s) and on some one end bent at

angle for hard-to-reach places
Point must always be sharp
Knife-edge scribers used for extremely fine lines

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 Dividers and Trammels

Dividers used for scribing arcs and circles on layout and

transferring measurements
Spring divider most common type
Creates circles in sizes from 3 to 12 in
Trammel
Consists of beam on which two sliding or adjustable
heads with scriber points are mounted
Can do larger circles

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 The Combination Set

Used extensively in layout work

Consists of steel rule, square head, bevel protractor and
center head

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 The Combination Set
Steel rule fitted to other three parts
Square head Used to lay out angles at 45 and 90 and
parallel to edge lines
Bevel protractor used to lay out and check various
angles (0 to 180)
Accuracy is 0.5 (30')
Center head forms center square when mounted on rule
Used for locating centers of ends of round , square, and
octagonal stock

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 Surface Gage
Consists of base, spindle, and scriber
Used on surface plate to scribe parallel lines
Some have a V-groove machined in the base, which
allows them to be used on cylindrical work

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 Layout or Prick Punches and
Center Punches
Difference only in angle of point
Prick punch ground to angle of 30 to 60
Used to permanently mark location of layout lines
Center punch ground to 90
Used to mark location of centers of holes

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