Appropriate Technologies

for Solid Waste Management

Sustainable
in Kathmandu Valley

Dr. Alka Sapkota

SWM/ Environment
Expert
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Urban Development
Solid Waste Management Technical
Support Center
(SWMTSC), Pulchowk
What type of Technologies do We
Need?
 What type of Technologies do We
Need?

In Developing countries
like Nepal, Where GHG
emissions from waste are
increasing, waste
management strategies
need to be cost effective &
Sustainable at an
appropriate level
 Effective Waste Management = Effective
GHG mitigation

There are a range of

mature low to high
technology strategies
that can be implemented
to mitigate GHG
emissions from waste
and enhance sustainable Many co-benefits:
development
Improved public health and environment
Renewable energy from waste => fossil fuel offsets
Energy and materials conservation through waste
prevention, minimization, reuse, and recycling
Waste
Technologies
Processes that protect the Waste
environment alongside Hierarchy
resource and energy
consumption to most
favorable to least
favorable
actions
 Local Technology Choices

Local Technology Choices are a

function of:
Source of Generation & Waste
Quantity
Waste Characteristics
Available Land Area
Cost
Regulatory Constraints
Local Preferences
Collection & Transport Issues
Policy/Planning Guidance
 Solid Waste Generation &
Composition in
Kathmandu Valley

Glass Rubber & Othe

MetalsTextile 2 Leather r
1% % 1% 3%
2%
Pape
r
11
Plast %
ic
17 Organ
% ic
63%

With Per capita municipal solid waste

generation per day 356.63/day , Total Waste
Generation of Kathmandu valley is 1065
tons/day
Solid Waste Management in
Kathmandu
Metropolitan City
 General Waste Management Practice in
Kathmandu Valley

Collection of
Waste

Final
Mostly Disposal
collection vehiclesused
are not appropriate or not designed
for waste collection
Mostly of the waste gets openly dumped or land
filled Waste of potential valuable
resources
 Overview
Waste is still in
Street

Expen Expen Expen

se se se
Collecti Transfer Landfill
on Station Site
No
Income

No Recycle, No Reuse, No
No Reduction No
Income
Current Waste Management SystemIncome
in
CollectionKathmandu
efficiency Valley
71.77%.
6070% of SWM budget is spend on collection and street
sweeping. 2030% in transportation and rest in final disposal
Low priority in Waste Processing /Recycling
What Technologies
should we
adopt?
 / /
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 Household Composting

Drum Pot Pit Earthwor

Composting Composting Composting m
Composti
ng
 Composting

Household
Composting
Agricultur
e

Community Commercial
Composting Composting

Any type of composting you adopt is

linked to Agriculture
Capacity: 1 ton per day, Total required Land: 20 0 sq. m, semi automated, Cost for operation: Rs. 2
M includi ng shed, folding racks a nd others, Management: Commu nity program me pa rtnershi p.
EASY handling, no foul odour, convert in 1 0 days.
 Commercial
Composting

Praramva Biotech is an enterprise that specializes in

producing organic bio fertilizers, using organic waste, and
their product is commonly known as Vermi-compost.

BioComp
Nepal
 Biogas
Production

Bio
Briquettin
g
Compost Plant and Recycling promotion
at Teku
 Plastic
recycling

Waste plastic and waste wood can also be

incinerated in a manner that involves effective
use, such as waste power generation
2
0
Plastic
recycling
 Waste Paper to Pencil Making
Machine

Each year 80,000 trees are destroyed to produce more

than 14 billion pencils.
 :
. |
|
. ,
|( = ..)
MATERIALS RECOVERY FACILITY
 Conventional Waste Management

Brewery Brewery waste dumped into

rivers to destroy ecosystem

Mushroom Muck dumped on fields

Growing

Waste piles up
Chicken Raising
Methane vented
Methane Gas
Production
Muck cleaned
Fish Ponds out
 Enterprise Development in SWM

Brew Brewery waste fertilizes mushrooms

ery
Mushroom Growing
Mushroom residue feeds chickens

Chicken Raising Chicken waste is composted

Solids become fish food

Methane Gas Production

Fish Ponds Nutrients used in

gardens

Hydroponic Gardening
Disaster Waste
Management
Technologies
 Earthquake 2015

Thousands of infrastructures were fully damaged

generating > 4 million tons of debris from
Kathmandu valley alone due to the massive
earthquake April 12th 2015 and aftermaths
Disaster Waste
Management Cycle

3
1
Concrete Breaker &
Excavator

3
2
Loader &
Tipper
Jaw
Crusher
Disaster Waste can be
Used In Road
Basement
Disaster Waste can be
Used to Fill
Gabion Walls
Interlocking
blocks/Bricks

3
7
Reuse of Disaster
Waste :
Structural Infill
What Are We Doing with Debris
Waste ???...
 Treat waste as
resource,
make money

Public/ Community
/Municipality/Private
Sector Participation Thank You
!!!