Digital Transmission

through the AWGN Channel

ECE460
Spring, 2012
Geometric Representation
Orthogonal Basis
1. Orthogonalization (Gram-Schmidt)
2. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
a. Baseband
b. Bandpass
c. Geometric Representation
3. 2-D Signals
a. Baseband
b. Bandpass
1) Carrier Phase Modulation (All have same
energy)
1) Phase-Shift Keying
2) Two Quadrature Carriers
2) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
4. Multidimensional
a. Orthogonal
1) Baseband
2) Bandpass
b. Biorthogonal
1) Baseband
2) Bandpass

2
Geometric Representation
Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
1. Begin with first waveform, s1(t) with energy 1:

s1 t
1 t
1

c21 s2 t 1 t dt

2. Second waveform
a. Determine projection, c21, onto 1
d 2 t s2 t c21 1 t

d2 t
2 t where 2 d 22 t dt
2

b. Subtract projection from s2(t)

cki sk t i t dt

c. Normalize k 1
d k t sk t cki i t
i 1

dk t
k t where k d k2 t dt
k

3
3. Repeat
Example 7.1

4
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Baseband Signals

Binary PAM
Bit 1 Amplitude + A
Bit 0 Amplitude - A

M 2k
M-ary PAM

M-ary PAM

sm t Am gT t
m sm2 t dt
T
Binary PAM
A 2
m
T
g 2
T t dt
Am2 g
1 k
Fixed Rb
Tb kT
5
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Bandpass Signals

Baseband Signal Bandpass Signal

sm t X sm t cos 2 fct

cos 2 f ct

um t Am gT t cos 2 f ct m 1, 2, ... , M

Am
Um f GT f f c GT f f c
2
What type of Amplitude Modulation signal does this
appear to be?

m t dt
2
u m


Am2 t gT2 t cos 2 2 f c t dt


Am2 Am2
g t dt 2 gT2 t cos 4 f ct dt
2
T
2

6
PAM Signals
Geometric Representation

M-ary PAM waveforms are one-dimensional

sm t sm t m 1, 2,..., M

1
where t gT t 0t T
g
sm g Am m 1, 2,..., M

d d d d d d = Euclidean distance
between two points
0

7
 Optimum Receivers
Start with the transmission of any one of the M-ary
signal waveforms:
g M 2k symbols having k -bits sm t , m 1, 2,..., M
gTransmitted within timeslot 0 t T
gCorrupted with AWGN: r t sm t n t

r t sm t n t
Demodulat Output
Detector
or Sampler Decision
r r
r t r r1 , r2 ,..., rN r sm t

1. Demodulators
a. Correlation-Type
b. Matched-Filter-Type
2. Optimum Detector
3. Special Cases (Demodulation and Detection)
a. Carrier-Amplitude Modulated Signals
b. Carrier-Phase Modulation Signals
c. Quadrature Amplitude Modulated Signals
d. Frequency-Modulated Signals

8
 Demodulators
Correlation-Type

T
rk r t k t dt k 1, 2,..., N
0
T
sm t n t k t dt
0
T T
sm t k t dt n t k t dt
0 0

smk nk

r sm n

Next, obtain the joint conditional PDF

1 N
m 1, 2,..., M
f r | sm exp rk smk / N 0
2

N0
N /2
k 1
1
exp r s m / N 0
2

N0
N /2

9
 Demodulators
Matched-Filter Type

Instead of using a bank

of correlators to
generate {rk}, use a
bank of N linear filters.

The Matched Filter

Key Property: if a signal s(t) is

corrupted
by AGWN, the filter with impulse
response matched to s(t) Demodulator
maximizes the output SNR

10
Optimum Detector
Decision based on transmitted signal
in each signal interval based on the
observation of the vector r.

Maximum a Posterior Probabilities (MAP)

P signal s m was transmitted | r m 1, 2,..., M

f r | sm P s m
P sm | r N

f r |s P s
m 1
m m

If equal a priori probabilities,

P i.e.,
s 1/ M
for all M and the denominator mis a constant for all
M, this reduces to maximizing called
f r | sm
maximum-likelihood (ML) criterion.
N
D r, s m rk smk
2
minimum distance detection
k 1

D r, s m 2r s m s m
2
minimize

C r, s m 2r s m s m
2
maximize (correlation metric)
11
Probability of Error
Binary PAM Baseband Signals

s1 t s2 t gT t
Consider binary PAM baseband signals
wheregT t is an arbitrary pulse which is nonzero
0t T
in the interval and zero elsewhere. This
can be pictured geometrically as

b b

s2 0 s1

Assumption: signals are equally likely and that s1

was transmitted. Then the received signal is
r s1 n b n
s1
Decision Rule:r
0
s2

The two conditional PDFs for r are

1 r
2

f r | s1
b / N0
e
N0
1 r
2

f r | s2
b / N0
e
N0

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Example 7.5.3
Consider the case of binary PAM signals in which
b are b
s1 s2points
two possible signal
where is the energyPper s1 bit.
p and P s2prior
The 1 p.
probabilities are
Determine the metrics for the optimum MAP
detector when the transmitted signal is corrupted
with AWGN.

13
Probability of Error
M-ary PAM Baseband Signals

Recall baseband M-ary PAM are geometrically

represented in 1-D with signal point values of
sm g Am m 1, 2,..., M
And, for symmetric signals about the origin,
Am 2m 1 M m 1, 2,..., M
where the distance between adjacent signal2points
g
is .
Each signal has a different energies. The average
is 1 M
av
M m 1
m cos 1

g M

2m 1 M
2

M m 1

g M M 1
2

M 3

M 2 1
g
3

av M 1 g
2

Pav
T 3 T

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Demodulation and Detection
Carrier-Amplitude Modulated Signals

Demodulation of bandpass digital PAM signal

Received
Signal
r(t)

Oscillat
or

Transmitted Signal:
um t Am gT t cos 2 f ct 0t T
Received Signal:
r t Am gT t cos 2 f ct n t 0t T
where n t nc t cos 2 f c t ns t sin 2 f c t

Crosscorrelation
T 2 T T
r t t dt A t cos 2 f c t dt 0 n t t dt
2 2
g
g
m T
0 0

g
Am n
Optimum Detector 2

D r , s m r sm
2

15
or C r , sm 2 r sm s 2
m
Two-Dimensional Signal
Waveforms
Baseband Signals

Are these orthogonal?

Calculate .

Find basis functions of (b).

16
Problem 7.22
In an additive white Gaussian noise channel with
N0
noise power-spectral
2
density of , two
equiprobable messages At are transmitted by
, 0t T

s1 t T
0, otherwise
t
A 1 ' 0 t T
s2 t T
0, otherwise

1. Determine the structure of the optimal receiver

2. Determine the probability of error.

17
Two-Dimensional Bandpass
Signals
Carrier-Phase Modulation
sm t , m 1, 2,..., M
1. Given M-two-dimensional signal waveforms

um t sm t cos 2 f ct 0t T

2. ConstrainT bandpass waveforms to have same

energy
m um t dt
2

0
T
sm2 t cos 2 2 f ct dt
0
T T
1 1
sm2 t dt sm2 t cos 4 f ct dt
20 20
s m

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Demodulation and Detection
Carrier-Phase Modulated Signals

The received signal: r t um t n t

[ Amc gT t nc t ]cos 2 f ct
[ Ams gT t ns t ]sin 2 f c t
where m 0,1,... M 1
Giving basis vectors as
2
1 t gT t cos 2 f c t
g
2
2 t gT t sin 2 f c t
g
Outputs of correlators:
r sm n
s cos 2 m / M nc , s sin 2 m / M ns

19
 Two-Dimensional Bandpass
Signals
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
um t Amc gT t cos 2 f c t Ams gT t sin 2 f c t m 1, 2,..., M

20
 Multidimensional Signal Waveforms
Orthogonal

Multidimensional means
multiple basis vectors

Baseband Signals
Overlapping
(Hadamard Sequence)
Non-Overlapping
o Pulse Position Mod.
(PPM)

sm t A gT t m 1 T / M
where
m 1, 2,..., M
m 1 T / M t mT / M

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Multidimensional Signal Waveforms
Orthogonal

Bandpass Signals
As before, we can create bandpass signals by
simply multiplying a baseband signal by a sinusoid:
um t sm t cos 2 f ct 0t T

Carrier-frequency modulation: Frequency-Shift

Keying (FSK)
2 b
um t cos 2 f c t 2 m f t m 0,1,..., M , 0 t T
T

T
1
mn um t un t dt
s 0
sin 2 m n f T

2 m n f T

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Multidimensional Signal Waveforms
Biorthogonal

Baseband
Begin with M/2 orthogonal vectors in N = M/2

dimensions.s , 0, 0,..., 0
1 s
s2 0, , 0,..., 0
s

M

s M /2 0, 0, 0,..., s
Then append their negatives

s M s , 0, 0,..., 0
2
1

M

s M 0, 0, 0,..., s
Bandpass
As before, multiply the baseband signals by a
sinusoid.

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Multidimensional Signal Waveforms
Simplex

Subtract the average of M orthogonal waveforms

M
1
sm t sm t
M
s t
k 1
k

T
1
s sm t
2
dt 1 s
0 M

In geometric form (e.g., vector)

M
1
sm s m
M
s
k 1
k

Where the mean-signal vector is

M
1
s
M
s k 1
k

Has the effect of moving the origin

s to reducing
the energy per symbol
2
s sm
2
sm s
1
1 s
M

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Demodulation and Detection
Carrier-Amplitude Modulated Signals

Demodulation of bandpass digital PAM signal

Received
Signal
r(t)

Oscillat
or

Transmitted Signal:
um t Am gT t cos 2 f ct 0t T
Received Signal:
r t Am gT t cos 2 f ct n t 0t T
where n t nc t cos 2 f c t ns t sin 2 f c t

Crosscorrelation
T 2 T T
r t t dt A t cos 2 f c t dt 0 n t t dt
2 2
g
g
m T
0 0

g
Am n
Optimum Detector 2

D r , s m r sm
2

25
or C r , sm 2 r sm s 2
m