CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Type of chemical reactions:

Combination
Decomposition
Combustion
Displacement
Double decomposition
Combination reaction
Combination reaction or addition
reaction is that in which a compound is
formed from some simpler compounds.
Some combination reactions involve
elements as reactants.
Examples:
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
Some combination reactions involve
compound and element as reactants.
Examples:
2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Some combination reactions
involve compounds as reactants.
Examples:
CaO(s) + CO2(g) CaCO3(s)
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l or g) 4H3PO4(aq)
Decomposition reaction
Decomposition reaction is one in which a
compound breaks down into simpler substances
that may or may not be elements. This type of
reaction often requires an input of energy.
Examples:

electric
current
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)

heat
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Combustion reaction
A combustion reaction is a reaction of an
element or a compound with oxygen that
produces heat and, often, light.
Unless you are told differently, assume
that the products of the combustion of
organic compounds containing only
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are
always CO2 and H2O.
Examples:
4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s)

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Displacement reaction
In a displacement reaction one element
displaces another element from a
compound; that is, one element leaves the
compound and another element takes its
place.
Examples:
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(l)
Double displacement reaction or
metathesis reaction
Double displacement reaction or
metathesis reaction is a reaction in which
two compounds exchange partsusually
ions.
Occurrence of this reaction is indicated by
production of precipitate, gas, or weak
electrolyte (such as water) within clear
solution.
Examples:
CaCl2(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq)
2AgCl(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)

(NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq)
K2SO4(aq) + 2NH3(g) + 2H2O(l)
KOH(aq) + HCl(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
A chemical reaction may be
categorized into more than one types
or reaction.

Example:
4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s)

This reaction may be categorized as

combination and combustion reactions.
Why?
Without going into the laboratory
to do experiments, we can
predict whether a reaction does
occur or not, if we have
information about solubility of
compounds in aqueous solution.
Simple rules for the solubility of
salts and hydroxides in water
1. Most nitrate (NO3) and acetate
(CH3COO) salts are soluble.
2. Most salts containing the alkali metal
ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+) and the
ammonium ion (NH4+) are soluble.
3. Most chloride, bromide, and iodide
salts are soluble. Notable exceptions are
salts containing Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
ions.
4. Most sulfate salts are soluble, except
CaSO4, SrSO4, BaSO4, PbSO4, Ag2SO4
and HgSO4.
5. Most carbonate (CO32) salts are
insoluble. Notable exceptions are
carbonate salts containing Li+, Na+, K+,
Rb+, Cs+, and NH4+ ions.
6. Most phosphate (PO43) salts are
insoluble. Notable exceptions are
phosphate salts containing Li+, Na+, K+,
Rb+, Cs+, and NH4+ ions.
7. Most sulfide (S2) salts are insoluble.
Notable exceptions are sulfide salts
containing Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, and
NH4+ ions.
8. Most hydroxides (OH) are
insoluble. Notable exceptions are
hydroxides containing Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+,
Cs+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ ions.