Analysing Filter

Circuits
 RC Low-Pass Filter
Sample Circuit.
It shows how its output voltage varies with frequency.
When
F = 0 Hz (dc) and F = Hz.
When F = 0 Hz ( equivalent
circuit)

Vin

Xc = Vout = Vin F= 0
Hz Hz
When F =

Vin Vout = 0 Vpp when F=

Xc =
0
When the frequency of the input voltage is somewhere
between zero and infinity, the output voltage can be
determined by

Where;
The phase angle of the output voltage Vout
can be calculated as

For the cutoff frequency Fc.

From, Xc = R

Solving for Fc,

Fc =
 RL low-pass filter
Fig. (a)circuit (b)graph of Vout versus frequency.

output
voltage, Vout
Input voltage, Vin

(a)
(b)
When f = 0 Hz ( Equivalent Circuit )

As a result;
When f = Hz ( Equivalent

Circuit )

As a result;
To calculate the output voltage at any frequency ;

Where,

The phase angle between Vin and Vout can be

determined using ;

= arctan (
The formula for the cutoff frequency of an RL low-pass
filter ;

From,

So,
2
Solving for the
 RC High-Pass Filter

Where,
RC high-pass filter. (a) Circuits (b)
Graph of Vout versus frequency.

To solve for the

 RL High-Pass Filter
The phase angle of the output voltage Vout with
respect to the input Voltage (Vin),
To calculate the voltage output frequency,

Where,
 Band-Pass Filter
Filter circuits can be designed to accomplish this task by
combining the properties of low-pass and high-pass into a
single filter. The result is called aband-passfilter.
Creating a bandpass filter from a low-pass and high-pass
filter can be illustrated using block diagrams.
 RC Band-Pass Filter
Rc band pass filter. a) Circuit b) Graph of Vout vesus
frequency.
To solve for the cut-off frequency. Theesignated as the
high-pass filter and the designated as the low pass filter.

And,
 RC Band-Stop Filter
Also calledband-elimination,band-reject, ornotchfilters,
this kind of filter passes all frequencies above and below
a particular range set by the component values. Not
surprisingly, it can be made out of a low-pass and a high-
pass filter, just like the band-pass design, except that this
time we connect the two filter sections in parallel with
each other instead of in series. The frequency of
maximum attenuation is called thenotchfrequency.
RC Band-Stop Filter
The frequency of maximum attention is called the notch
frequency. ()
To solve for the.

=
 DECIBELS AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE
CURVES
In analyzing filters, the decibel (dB) unit is often used to
describe the attenuation offered by the filter. In basic
terms, the decibel is a logarithmic expression that
compares two power levels. Expressed mathematically.

Where
gain or loss inn decibels

= output power
 power gain or loss in decibels can also be computed
The
from a voltage ratio if the measurements are made
across equal resistances.

Where
gain or loss inn decibels

= output
 FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVE

The frequency response of filter is typically shown by

plotting its gain (or loss) versus frequency on logarithmic
graph paper.
Two types of logarithmic graph paper are log-log and
semilog. Semilog and log-log graph paper are typically
used to show the frequency response of a filter.
Series Resonant Filters
Its has maximum current and minimum impedance
at the resonant frequency. Connected in series with RL,
the series tuned LC circuit allows frequencies at and near
resonant to produce maximum output across RL.
Therefore, this is band-pass filtering.
Parallel Resonance Filters.
It has a maximum impedance at the resonant
frequency. Connected in series with RL, the parallel tuned
LC circuit provides maximum impedance in series with RL
at the near the resonant frequency. Then these frequency
produce maximum voltage across the LC circuit but
minimum output voltage across RL. This is a band stop
filter, therefore, for the bandwidth of the tuned circuit.
Parallel resonant Filters
a) Band stop filter when LC tank is in series with RL.
b) Band pass filter when LC tank in shunt with RL
L-
Type Resonant Filter
Series and Parallel resonant circuits can be
combined in L, T , or sections for sharper discrimination
of the frequency to be filtered.
 Interference Filters
Power-Line Filter
Television Antenna Filter
 RESONANT FILTER
So far, the filter designs weve concentrated on have
employedeithercapacitorsorinductors, but never both
at the same time. We should know by now that
combinations of L and C will tend to resonate, and this
property can be exploited in designing band-pass and
band-stop filter circuits.
Series LC circuits give minimum impedance at
resonance, while parallel LC (tank) circuits give
maximum impedance at their resonant frequency.
Resonant circuits are generally used for band-pass or
band-stop filtering with radio frequency.