LITERARY

GENRES
Fiction
Fiction is a manipulated story which is
not presented as objectively as possible.
It is therefore, unrealistic thus readers
are transported to a make-believe world.
It resembles the world for readers are
assumed to see real-life characters that
play roles in situations and places
almost similar to circumstances and
environment.
Elements of Fiction
Setting
-is the time and space in which events
of a story occur. It consists of the use of
evocative portrayal of a regions
distinctive ways of thoughts and
behavior or the so-called local color
exemplified by the superficial elements
of setting, dialect and customs.
 Characters

are the representations of a human

-

being in a story. They are the complex

combination of both inner and outer self.
Characterization- is the method used
by the writer to reveal the personality of
the character/s.
Ways of Revealing Literary Characters

Actions of the characters

Thoughts of the characters
Descriptions of the characters
Descriptions of other characters
Descriptions of the author
Kinds of Character
According to Principality:

Protagonist- is the character with

whom the reader empathizes.

Antagonist- is the character that

goes against the main character,
usually the protagonist.
 According to Development:
Dynamic- is the character that exhibits
noticeable development.

Static- is the character who exhibits no

changes and development.
 According to Personality:
Round- is the character that displays
different/multiple personalities throughout the story.

Flat- is the character that reveals conventional

traits, who remains the same throughout the story.
Its characterization does not grow.
Plot
Is the sequence of events
in the story, arranged and
linked by causality
.
Kinds of Plot
Linear Plot- moves with the natural sequence of
events where actions are arranged sequentially.
Circular Plot- is a kind of plot where linear
development of the story merges with an
interruption in the chronological order to show an
event that happened in the past.
In Medias Res- is a kind of plot where the story
commences in the middle part of the action.
Pyramid Pattern of
Development

Climax
Denoueme
Crisis
nt
Complicatio Ending
n
Expositio
n
Parts of a Plot
Exposition-is the part of the plot that
sets the scene by introducing the
situation and settings and likewise lays
out the characters by introducing their
environment, characteristics, pursuit,
purposes, limitations, potentials, and
basic assumptions.
Complication is the start of the major
conflict or problem in the plot.
Crisis is the part that establishes
curiosity, uncertainty, and tension; it
requires a decision
Climax is the peak of the story which leads
to an affirmation, a decision, an action, or
even a realization.
Denouement is the finishing things right after the climax, and
shows the resolution of the plot.
Ending- is the part that brings the story back to its equilibrium.
Literary Devices
Flashback is the writers use of interruption of the
chronological sequence of a story to go back to
related incidents which occurred prior to the
beginning of the story.
Foreshadowing is the writers use of hints or clues
to indicate events that will occur later in the story.
The use of this technique both creates suspense and
prepares the reader for what is to come.
Conflict as Part of the Plot
Conflict is the opposition of persons
or forces in a story that give rise to
the dramatic action in a literary work.
It is the basic tension, predicament,
or challenge that propels a storys
plot.
 Types of Conflict
Person vs Person is a type of conflict where
one character in the story has a problem with
one or more of the other characters.
Person vs Society is a type of conflict where a
character has a conflict or problem with some
element of society the school, the law, the
accepted way of doing things, and so on.
 Person vs Self is a type of conflict where a
character has trouble deciding what to do in a
particular situation.
Person vs Nature is a type of conflict where a
character has a problem with some natural
happening: a snowstorm, an avalanche, the bitter
cold, or any elements common to nature.
Person vs Fate is a type of conflict where a
character has to battle what seems to be an
uncontrollable problem. Whenever the problem
seems to be a strange or unbelievable coincidence,
fate can be considered the cause and effect.
 Point of View
Determines the narrator of
the story, the one who tells
it from different points of
view
.
 Types of Point of View
First-Person Point of View is a character-
narrator who tells the story in the I voice,
expressing his own views. He is either a minor
or main character that tells the story in his own
words.
Third-Person Omniscient Point of View is a
narrator that tells the story from an all-knowing
point of view. He sees the mind of all the
characters.
 Third-Person Limited Point of View has a narrator
that tells only what he can see or hear inside the
world of the story. This narrator is otherwise known as
camera technique narrator as he does not reveal
what the characters are thinking and feeling.
Third-Person Central Point of View has a narrator
that limits narration to what the central character
thinks, feels, does and what and whom the central
character observes.
Third- Person Editorial Point of View has a narrator
that comments on the action by telling the readers its
significance or evaluating the behavior of the
characters.
Theme
Is a significant truth about life and
its nature which takes place in the
illustrations of the actions,
preoccupations, and decisions of
the characters.
Principles in Stating the Theme of the Story

It reports for all major details of the story.

It may be avowed in more than one way.
It is stated in complete statements.
It asserts a sweeping statement about life.
It avoids statements that condense the theme
to some familiar adage, aphorism, dictum,
maxim, saying, or value.
 Seat Work
Read the story The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant
After reading, identify the following elements of the story:
1.) Setting
2.) Kinds of Characters
According to principality
According to development
According to personality
3.) Kind of plot
4.) Parts of a Plot using the pyramid pattern of development
5.) Literary device
6.) Type of Conflict
7.) Type of Point of View
8.) Theme
Assignment
Answer the following questions briefly.
1.) How would you characterize the relationship between Mr. and Mrs. Loisel before
and after the loss of the necklace? How does Mr. Loisel treat his wife? How does she
respond?
2.) After the loss of the necklace, appearance and social status seem less important
to Matilda why?
3.) How has the hard work affected Matildas character? How has her attitude
changed at the end of the story?
4.) Maupassant writes, How singular is life and full of changes! How small a thing
will ruin or save one! What does the author mean by these statements? Has
Matilda been ruined or saved?
5.)Have you, like the main character in Maupassants story, lost something
important to you? Describe what happened and explain how the event changed
your life. Did it change your life for the better or worse?