Introduction To Drilling: School of Hassi Messaoud

INSTITUT ALGERIEN DU PETROLE
School of Hassi Messaoud

UFR: Drilling and Production
Introduction to
drilling
Presented by: H.
Lahbiben
Introducion
Once the geological study, & the seismic

part to determine the exact location of
our target (reservoir) of our basin are
done, well give the green light for drilling.
BASIN ANALYSIS PROSPECTION
1 - 3 YEARS 3 5 YEARS
REGIONAL GEOLOGY DETAILED

SEISMIC DRILLING
GRAVIMETRY
MAGNETROMETRY
GEOLOGY OF SURFACE PROSPECT
DEFINITION
Introducion
Prediction Description
Geophysics
Petrophysics Geology
Reservoir
Drilling Computing
Performance Characterization
Engineering
Optimization
Introducion
What is drilling?
The purpose of drilling is to make a

cylindrical hole in the basin, through
several formations, from surface to
the resrvoir, our target.
Drilling will be done in several

sections of different diameters, from
larger one to smaller one, going
towards the reservoir.
26in 17 in 12 in 8 in
6in
Introducion
The evaluation of the drilled formations will

be done through the observation of the:
Drilling cuttings: fragments of rocks

destroyed by the bit & carried out to
surface by mud.
Bottom cores: a cylinder of

formation, caught & recovered by a
special tools.
Side-wall cores: Small cylenders of

formations sampled laterally by special
tools.
Drill
2626
Hole
Hole Run 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
26 Hole Cement 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
Drill
17171/2
1/2
Hole
Hole Run 13 3/8 CSG
26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
17 1/2 Hole Cement 13 3/8 CSG

26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG
Drill12121/4
1/4Hole
Hole RunElectrical
Run 9 5/8 CSG
Log
26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG
12 1/4 Hole Cement 9 5/8 CSG

26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG
12 1/4 Hole 9 5/8 CSG
Drill 8 1/2 Hole

26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG
12 1/4 Hole 9 5/8 CSG
8 1/2 Hole Run Electrical Log

26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG
12 1/4 Hole 9 5/8 CSG
8 1/2 Hole Run 7 Liner

26 Hole 20 CSG
Drilling
mud
Cement
17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG
12 1/4 Hole 9 5/8 CSG
8 1/2 Hole Cement 7 Liner

Introducion
Well profile
Introducion
Exploration well:
A well drills in the area with little known
geological information (No offset data,
very little geological and pressure data
available).
Development well:
Drilled to enter a known productive
portion of the reservoir. (Good offset
data available).
Introducion
The well can be vertical, deviated or

horizontal.
GAS
OIL
WATER
Drilling rigs
Drilling rig is a platform where the drilling

will occur.
Offshore
Onshore rigs
rig
Drilling rigs
Offshore rigs
Drilling rigs
Onshore rigs
Conventional land Mobile land

rig rig
Onshore rig
Pipe
rack
Rig floor
V-
BOP Door
Drawwo
Rig rk
Pipe ramp
floor
Catwalk
Pipe rack
Drilling rigs
Onshore rigs
Drillers
21 pipe rack 1 crown block 11 mousehole
22 substructure 2 mast 12 rathole
23 mud return line 3 monkey board 13 drawworks
24 shale shaker 4 traveling block 14 weight indicator
25 choke manifold 5 hook 15 drillers console
26 mud gas separator 6 swivel 16 doghouse
27 degasser 7 elevators 17 rotary hose
28 reserve pit 8 kelly 18 accumulator unit
29 mud pits 9 kelly bushing 19 catwalk
30 desander 10 master bushing 20 pipe ramp
31 desilter
32 mud pumps
33 mud discharge lines
34 bulk mud components storage
35 mud house
36 water tank
37 fuel storage
38 engines and generators
39 drilling line
Drilling systems
To drill a well, we need to be able to:
Lift & lower the drill string

Rotate the drill bit
Pump & circulate mud
Clean the returning well
Maintain control of the well
Power
Drilling systems
Hoisting system
Crown bloc
Active Line
Drawwork
Traveling Dead line anchor

bloc
Hook
Rotating system
Circulating system
Well control system
Blowout preventer BOP stack
ANNULAR
TOP RAMS
BLIND RAMS
Choke line
Kill BOTTOM RAMS
line BOTTOM RAMS
VR plug
may be
installed
in casing
head
Power system
Drill string
Drill string is a mechanical linkage, connecting the drill
bit on bottom to the rotary drive system on the surface.
Most drilling components (e.g. drill collars) can be
treated as hollow cylinders.
Component
Drill pipes (DP)
Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA):
o Drill bit Drill
pipe
o Drill Collars String
o HWDP
o Stabilizer
o Drill jar
o Other: Mud motor / Turbine, MWD / LWD tools
BHA
BIT
Drill string
Functions of drill string
Transmit Weight to drill bit (WOB)
Transmit rotation to drill bit (RPM,
Torque)
Transmit hydraulics to clean the hole
and cool the bit

Guides and controls the trajectory of
the bit
Drill pipes (DP)
Functions of drill pipes (DP) Box
To serve as a conduit or conductor

for drilling fluid.
To transmit the rotation from surface
to the bit on bottom.
Tool Joints
Designed to run in tension.
Tool Joints
Provide connections for the drill
string.
Separate pieces of metal welded to
the seamless tube.
Thick enough to have pin or box cut
into them.
Pin
Drill pipes (DP)
Functions of drill pipes (DP)

Drill pipes (DP)
Classification of drill pipes (DP)
Outer diameter, OD: from 2 3/8 to 6
5/8
Grade: G-105, S135
Nominal weight (w/o tool joints) and
approximate weight (pipe body + tool

joints + upsets)
Range (length): R1: 18-22 ft, 2R2: 7-32 ft,
Drill pipes (DP)
The material grade
The steel grade relates to the tensile

stress of the steel from which the DP is
made.
A code designated by a combination of
both letter & number.
G-105
Minimum yield strength = 105,000 psi
Drill pipes (DP)
Classification of drill pipes (DP)

Drill pipes (DP)
DP class
Depending on the degree of wear drill

pipes are classified as:
New: No wear, has never been run in

hole
Premium: Remaining wall not less
than 80%.
Class 2: Remaining wall not less than
70%.
Class 3: Remaining wall less than
70%.
Drill pipes (DP)
DP
Bottom Hole Assembly - BHA
Used to maintain the drill bit

concentrically in the hole
Provide WOB to the bit Drill pipe

String
BHA is composed of:

o Drill bit
o Drill Collars
o HWDP
o Stabilizer
o Drill jar
o Other: Mud motor / Turbine, BHA
MWD / LWD tools

BIT
BHA Drill collars (DC)
Functions of DCs
To put weight on bit (WOB)

To keep the drill string from buckling
Designed to run in compression
Types
Typically 4 to 9 OD
Most commonly in lengths of 30-31 feet
Spiral collars where there is chance of
getting stuck
Non magnetic DC NMDC- (in directional
drilling for MWD tools)
Connections: REG, NC, FH, H-90
BHA Heavy weight drill pipe
Functions od HWDP
Used as transition zone

between DC and DP
This prevents DP from
buckling
Can be used in tension or
compression
Used for directional drilling
Used in place of DC
(sometimes)
Not to be used for WOB in
vertical wells
In areas where differential
sticking is a possibility,
spiral HWDP should be
BHA Neutral point
Is the point where the

drill string transitions
from tension to
compression. Tension
Needs to be kept in the Neutral
BHA. point
Compression Design
Drill Collars and HWDP WOB
picked up to ensure
enough weight is WOB
available.
BHA Drill bits
A drilling bit is the cutting tool that is

made up on the end of the drillstring.
Drilling fluid is circulated through

passageways in the bit to remove the
drilled cuttings.
BHA Drill bits
Milled Tooth
Roller
Cone
TCI
Tungsten Carbide Inserts
PDC
Drill Bits Polyceistaline Diamond
Compact
Natural
Fixed Diamond
Cutter
Impregnate
Bi-centers
BHA Drill bits
Core Hybride
bit bit
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
Jet nozzels
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
Soft formation Hard formation

Teeth Long & sharp Small & round
Cutting Gouging-Scraping Chipping-Crushing

action Like using a shovel in the Like using a shovel in the
garden garden
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
WOB
Cone
rotati
on Cutter
Formation
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
BHA Drill bits
Roller Cone
BHA Drill bits
PDC bits
Cutting action: shearing the rock.

Cutting efficiency results in higher
penetration rates with lower
required bit weight.
Long life
BHA Drill bits
PDC bits
Cuttings
19 mm 16 mm 13 mm
11 mm
8 mm
BHA Drill bits
PDC bits
Back rake angle (Attack angle)

controls how aggressively the
cutter engages the rock.
o Soft formations: Small back
rake angle
o Hard formations: Great back
rake angle
BHA Drill bits
Total flow area
Total Flow Area (TFA) is summation of nozzle

areas which fluid can pass through.
TFA = (N12 + N22 + N32 +... + Nn2 ) / 1303.8

Where:
Nisnozzle sizeinnumber/32 inch.
Example:
Calculate the TFA of a PDC, where we have 3
nozzles of 10/32in & 2 nozzles of 12/32in.
BHA Drill bits classification
BHA Drill bits classification
BHA IADC Dull bit grading
BHA Stabilizers
Used as a fundamental
method of controlling the
directional behavior of most
BHAs.
Minimize bending and

vibrations which cause tool
joint wear and damage to
BHA components such as
MWDs.
Reduce drilling torque by

preventing collar contact
with the side of the hole
and by keeping them
BHA Drilling Jar
Used to free a stuck pipe by

generating an amplified force at
the stuck point using the energy
from the force applied at surface.
Types:
Hydraulic jar
Mechanical jar
Mechanical-hydraulic jat
Hydra-Jar
BHA Other components
Positive Displacement Motor

(PDM)
Extremely hard rock

formations can be drilled with
motors using diamond or PDC
bits.
High penetration rates (ROP)
can be achieved since rotation
speeds are high.
Used in directional drilling
BHA Other components
Cross-over
MWD/LWD tools
Under reamer
Turbine
...
Under reamer
BHA Basic Rotary Assembly
Typical configurations:
BHA Drill-string vibration
Typical vibrations:
Mud Flow System
Rig
floor
Mud
return Shale
shaker
Mud
pump
Drilling fluids
Pressure drop
PSI
= Surface Line friction
PSI
+ Total Pump Pressure
= Drillstring friction
PSI
+
= Bit (jet nozzle) friction
PSI
+
= Annulus friction
PSI
Drilling fluids
Functions of the mud

Transport &
Seal
remove
Permeable
cuttings
formation
from the well
Suspend Minimize loss
cuttings of fluid to
(Static formation
condition) Cool, lubricate
the drill string
Control
& BHA
formation
Transport data
pressure
of MWD & turn
Maintain the mud
borehole motor.
Hydraulic
stability
horse power
to the bit
Drilling fluids
Mud content
1. Fluid Phase
. Water
. Oil
2. Solids (to give desired mud

property)
Inactive solids do not react with mud (i.e barite) to
give mud weight
Active solids clays that react with the water (i.e
bentonite) to give viscosity.
3. Additives (to give desired mud

Drilling fluids
Drilling fluids parameters
Physical properties
o Density or mud weight
o Viscosity
o Yield point
o Gel Strengths
o Fluid loss or filtration rate
Chemical properties
o pH
o Alkalinities, filtrate
o Alkalinity.
o Total hardness calcium and magnesium ions
o Calcium concentration calcium ion
o Total chloride ion
Drilling fluids Mud types
Mud types
Drilling fluids
1) Water Based Mud - WBM

Continuous phase is Water
Main disadvantage causes shale
instability
Lower cost
Types of WBM
o Non-inhibitive (gel)
o Inhibitive (KCl)
o Polymer (KCl PHPA, KCl silicate)
Drilling fluids
2) Oil Based Mud - OBM

Continuous phase is Oil
Advantage
o Does not react with shales
o Good lubrication to BHA
o Undamaging mud very low
formation damage if any
o Excellent wellbore stability
o Usually used in HTHP wells
Disadvantage
o Environmental impacts (toxic)
o Much more expensive than WBM
o Danger threat to rig workers -
slippery
Analyses Test Equipment Purpose Drilling
fluid
Density Weight Mud balance Pressure OBM/WBM
control
Viscosity PV, YP, Gels Fanns, Flow OBM/WBM
Rheometer characteristi
cs
Filtrate loss Filtrate, filter API, HTHP Min fluid loss OBM/WBM
cake
Sand content Sand content Sand Kit Solids OBM/WBM
Liquids & Liquids & Retort Oil, water, OBM/WBM
solids solids solids
content content content
pH Alkalinity pH-meter Clay WBM
inhibition
Corrosion
Electric Emulsion ES-meter Emulsion OBM
stability stability
Chemical OBM/WBM
1) Mud Density or mud weight (MW)

. Provides a pressure support.
. Used to determine the hydrostatic pressure of the

mud column.
. Units: pounds per gallon (lb/gal or ppg), specific

gravity or SG (g/ml), or pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3).
. Calibration: freshwater: 8.34 ppg & seawater: 8.55

ppg.
. Provide Buoyancy factor BF = 1- ( MW / 65.4 )
Mud balance
Weighting materials
Buoyancy
Put a raw egg in a glass full of water: The egg sinks to

the bottom.
Keep adding salt and stir the water: The egg arises.
Balancing Formation Fluid Pressures

Overbalance:
Mud pressure in excess of pressure on pore
fluids
Controlled by fluid density and/or column
height; required condition for conventional
drilling
Underbalance:
Mud pressure less than pressure on pore
fluids
MW > Pore pressure

Overbalance
MW < Pore pressure
1) Mud Density or mud weight (MW)

. MW < Pore pressure Kick
. MW > Fracture gradient Losses
Pressure gradient
Safe window:
Pore pressure < MW < Fracture gradientMW
Fracture
Pressure
Pore
Pressure
Drilling fluids parameters -Rheology
2) Viscosity
. It is the internal resistance of a fluid to
flow.
. How thick or thin drilling fluid it is.
. Drilling fluids are non-Newtonian:
o)Lower viscosity at high-shear rates
o)Higher viscosity at low-shear rates
. The higher MW, the higher PV will be

. Any increase in solid content will result
in higher viscosity.
. Viscosity is measured with two
primary tools: Marsh funnel &
Rheometer
2) Viscosity
a) Marsh Funnel
. Reported as funnel viscosity,
measures the apparent
viscosity.
. The number of seconds

required for a given fluid to
flow a volume of 1 qt (946
cm3) into a graduated mud
cup.
. Calibration water at 21 C
(70 F) = 26 sec/qt
2) Viscosity
b) Rheometer
. Direct reading viscometer
of Plastic viscosity (PV).
. Measures the shear stress

at different shear rates
(R600, R300, R100, R6,
R3).
. Unite: centipoise (cps).

3) Yield point - YP
. A measure of the force or stress required to get the
drilling fluid to start flowing from stationary. Used to
evaluate the ability of mud to lift cuttings out of the
annulus.
. Gives an indication of the electrical and chemical

attraction forces between the solids in the drilling
fluid.
. Higher YP will result in higher pressure loss while the

drilling mud is being circulated.
. YP may increase when:

o) reactive solids are present
o) clay causes a significant increase in YP and Gel Strengths.
o) the mud is overtreated with viscosifier
o) the mud has a low water content
Bingham plastic model
The Bingham plastic fluid plots as a

straight line on a shear-rate (x-axis)
versus shear stress (y-axis) plot
YP is the zero-shear-rate intercept
PV is the slope of the line

4) Gel strength
. Gel strength is the ability of the mud to
suspend cuttings while pumps are off.
. Refers to the shear stress required to

initiate flow after static periods of time.
. It is a measure of the degree of

gelation that occurs due to the
attractive forces between particles over
time.
o) Gel10 sec 600rpm for 30secs, leave

for 10 secs, read 10-sec gel at 3rpm.
o) Gel10 min 600rpm for 30secs,
leave undisturbed for 10mins, take
5) Fluid loss / Filtration

. To know milliliters of filtrate lost under
100psi pressure.
. Procedure:
o) 3 inch diameter of filter paper placed in the
bottom of pressure cell (build up of filter cake).
o) 100psi applied to the column of pressure cell using
air compressor.
o) Amount of filtrate collected for 30 minutes,
API filter
(ml/30min).
pressure
1) Low filtrate volume Thinner cakes,
good fluid loss control in mud.
2) High filtrate volume Thicker cake,
must treat mud to minimize fluid loss.
. Wall sealing.
5) Fluid loss / Filtration
FILTER
FORMATION
CAKE
Protect the formation and

the formation fluids DRILL PIPE
DRILLING
FLUID
FILTRATE
INVASION
Drilling fluids
Flow regime
Drilling fluids
Pressure control
Static condition (Pumps OFF) the

pressure balancing the formation.
HP (psi) = MW (ppg) x
0.052 x TVD (ft)
Circulation condition (Pumps ON)

effective pressure is increased by the
pumping pressure. It is given as the
Effective Circulating Density (ECD).
Drilling fluids
Bottom Hole Pressure

Drilling fluids
Hydrostatic pressure
There is no
difference
Drilling fluids
ECD Equivalent Circulating Density

Pressure APL
ESD= 0.052TVD

ECD=ESD+
ESD 0.052TVD
APL: Annular Pressure
Loss

ESD: Equivalent Static Density (Pumps

OFF)
Drilling fluids
ESD & ECD
More
Losses Losses
Cuttings Cuttings
ESD Mud ECD Mud
Drilling fluids
ECD Equivalent Circulating Density
ECD is higher than

Pressure gradient
ESD. But still needs
to be lower than the MW
Fracture pressure. Fracture
Pressure
Models exist for
Pore
simulation of ECD, Pressure
but an actual
pressure
measurement is
always preferable.
Close monitoring is
Drilling fluids
Drilling fluids
Factors affecting
ECD
Well geometry (hole

& drillstring size)
o Larger Cross Section = lower speeds
= lower ECD
o Smaller Cross Section = higher
speeds = higher ECD
ROP (cuttings load in
hole)
o Cuttings lead to an increased ECD
Hole cleaning
Mud rheology (PV)
Drilling fluids
Mud Handling & Treatment System

Solid control
system
Mud
agitator
Drilling fluids
Mixing
Mud pits
Mud Mixer-Hopper
Mud pits
Drilling fluids
Cuttings transport to surface
AVann: Annular velocity depends on:

o Pump rate
o Annular geometry
Pump rate (bbls/min)
AV (ft/min)
Annular volume (bbls/ft)
Vsett: Cutting setting velocity depends on

o Mud parameters
Rheology
Density
o Cuttings parameters
Density
Diameter
Shape

Drilling fluids
Hole cleaning pill types
High Viscosity Pills: effective at sweeping cuttings

out of a vertical hole, not recommended in deviated
holes (the pill deforms over the bed without disturbing
the bed).
Low Viscosity Pills: will help to lift and remove a

cuttings bed. Use of a low viscosity pill alone may not
be successful.
Weighted Pills: will help hole cleaning by increasing

the buoyancy of cuttings slightly. Also tends to be more
viscous. Usually employed as part of a tandem pill.
Tandem Pills (Combination Pills): consists of two

pills, a low viscosity pill followed by a weighted pill.
Drilling fluids
Hole cleaning
Drilling fluids
Hole cleaning
Drilling fluids Lost circulation
Lost circulation
Refers to loss of whole mud to the formation
SEEPAGE
< 10 bbl/hr
Loss
PARTIAL
10-20 bbl/hr
Loss
TOTA HEAVY
20-40 bbl/hr
L Loss
LCM (Loss Circulation Material)
losse
Seal off any fracturedSEVERE
zone. >40 bbl/hr
Commonly used Loss
s LCM include are
o fibrous (cedar bark, shredded cane stalks,
mineral fiber & hair),
o flaky (mica flakes & pieces of plastic or
cellophane sheeting)
o or granular (ground & sized limestone or
marble, wood, nut hulls, Formica, corncobs
Loss treatments
Loss Severity LCM size Shape
Severe Medium - coarse Granular
Medium - coarse Fibre
Medium - coarse Flake
Total Sodium silicate & Cement

Gunk treatments
Polymer treatments
Stuck pipe
Stuck pipe Differential sticking
Occurs when
MW > Formation pressure (overbalance pressure)
Pushing a drillstring into filter cake of a permeable formation.
Filter cake
Overbalance
pressure Mud
Drill pipe
Stuck pipe Mechanical
OVERPULL!!
MOBILE FORMATIONS KEY SEATING

LEDGES AND DOGLEGS UNDERGAUGE HOLE

UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATION
FRACTURED FORMATION
Well control
There is ONE condition that allows a kick to occur
The pressure in the wellbore

becomes less than
the pressure in the formation
PP > MW
Well control
1/ PREVENTING A KICK
PRIMARY MUD HYDROSTATIC
OR
2/ SHUTTING IN THE WELL AFTER A
KICK HAS BEEN TAKEN
SECONDARY BLOW OUT PREVENTERS

Well control
7. Well Control Warning signs
Well control
Drillers method: kill the well with constant

bottom hole pressure
first circulation removes influx with
original mud weight.
Second circulation kills well with kill
mud
Wait & weight method: kill the well with

constant bottom hole pressure
One circulation
Well control
Drillers method:
Well control
Drillers method:
5. Directional Drilling
Directional drilling is the science of

directing a wellbore along a
predetermined trajectory to intersect
a designated sub-surface target
Inaccessible Locations
Salt Dome Drilling Fault Controlling

Relief well Multilateral Offshore
Sidetracking Multiple Exploration

5. Directional Drilling -
Applications
Horizontal Drilling - Long, Medium, and Short
Radius
2- 6/100ft
1000-3000ft radiu
6- 60/100ft
125-700ft radiu
1.5- 3/ft
20-40ft radiu
Long Radius Medium Radius
Short Radius
5. Directional Drilling - Well
Trajectory
Slant well S well J well
KOP
Bui
ld
Hol
d
Dro
p
BUILD & HOLD BUILD HOLD & DROP CONTINUOUS BUILD

Terminology
Kick off point (KOP) point in well
RKB
where the path is intentionally
deviated from vertical.
KOP
Build up Rate (BUR) rate, usually
expressed in degrees per 100 ft
Build Section
or 30 meters, that the angle of
the well changes EOB or EOC
TVD, ft
End of build (EOB) point in well
where inclination and generally Tangent or Hold
azimuth is built to and then the
well is held at that inclination and
azimuth
Hold section also called Tangent Drop
Section
Drop off point (DOP) point in well
where path is dropped from the
hold section, essentially a
negative KOP
Target point in space beneath Departure, ft
What Is Directional
Surveying?
Is the method used to obtain the measurements
needed to calculate and plot in 3-D dimensions
the path of a wellbore.
These parameters are measured at multiple
places along the well path:
Azimuth (Hole Direction)
Inclination
Measured Depth
We use MWD tools for measuring / transmitting
surveying data
MWD is like a Downhole GPS
5. Directional Drilling - Terms Used in Survey
Calculations Well reference point O.
Surface location reference point S.
Survey - measurement of the inclination, azimuth, and depth
of a station in the borehole.
Vertical section plane a vertical plane on which the
surface and target or point of interest lay.
Azimuth - Azm indicator a:- Direction of a course
measured in a clockwise direction from 0- 360 referred to
North; also bearing.
Inclination - Inc angle in degrees from vertical.
Measured Depth - MD Distance between two points
measured along the well path.
True Vertical Depth - TVD Distance from S to O The
actual vertical depth of an inclined wellbore.
Horizontal displacement - HD For points B3 and B it
is the distance from O to B1 on the horizontal plane.
Horizontal section Distance between two points in the well
projected onto a horizontal plane.
Vertical section VS - Distance from B3 to B2 A
projection of the borehole into a vertical plane parallel to the
course bearing or azimuth and scaled with vertical depth.
Dog Leg Severity DLS, change in angle and/or direction
over a standard distance, commonly 100 feet or 30 meters.
KB/RKB Rig Kelly Bushing. A point of reference from the
known ground level.
Telemetry
Measurement While Drilling
(MWD) tools
It gives information about inclination, azimuth

and formation characteristics at real time.
It is composed from:
o The detection and measure system
o The transmission system
o An electric power source
- Gravity tools: Accelometer

- Magnetic tools: Magnetometer
MWD
tools
Calculations
North ????
We have three references of North:
True north, TN: points to Geographical North pole

Magnetic north, MN: is the direction of compass-niddle
points to
Grid north, GN: points to the north of a map projection, ex:
UTM
Magnetic Declination: The angle between True North and
Magnetic North
Grid Convergence: The angle between True North and Grid
North
Universal Transverse Mercator
(UTM)
Calculations
Magnetic
North True
North
Angle of
Declination
TN
M
N
G
N G
D
ND
Telemetry
MWD Transmission of data
Mud pulse
Electromagnetic
Telemetry
Telemetry
Toolfa
ce
Magnetic Toolface Gravity Toolface

MTF GTF
Used in angle less than Used in angle greater

Geosteering
Geosteering is the science of maintaining a
near horizontal well bore within a pre-
defined geological layer (payzone).
5. Directional Drilling Deflection tools
Whipstock
Jetting
Rotary stabilized BHA
PDM with bent housing
(steerable)
Rotary steerable systems
(RSS)
Whipstock
An older method of kicking off
the well
Can start to deviate the well or
sidetrack from inside casing
Jetting
A jetting bit has a large nozzle instead of the 3rd
cone, can run 1 large + 2 small nozzles instead.
Pump at high rate in one place hole washes
away at one side.
Limited to medium-softer & shallower formations.
The large jet nozzle is the "toolface".
Jetting
A jetting bit has a large nozzle
instead of the 3rd cone, can
run 1 large + 2 small nozzles
instead.
Pump at high rate in one
place hole washes away at
one side.
Limited to medium-softer &
shallower formations.
PDM
Convert Hydraulic power

to Mechanical for
powering the Bit
Run with MWD tools

(Telemetry)
Short & Medium radius

curves possible
In sliding mode, only the

Bit will rotate
5. Directional Drilling Power section
The Power section converts hydraulic energy

of high pressure fluid to mechanical energy in
the form of torque output for the drill bit.
The power section consists of a helical

shaped rotor and stator
The rotor has one less lobe than the stator

Number of stator lobes = number of rotor
lobes + 1
Torque and RPM determined by the

rotor/stator lobe configuration
Power output determined by the number of
stages and lobe pitch
PDM
Adjustable bend house

As it moves through the motor, the fluid pushes on the rotor causing it to rotate
Contoure Ribbed
d Stator Elastome
Tube r
1:2 3:4 5: 7:8 9:10

Low 6 High
Torque Torque
Low speed
Turbine
The turbine consists of bladed

rotors and stators mounted at right
angles to fluid flow. The rotors are
attached to the drive shaft, while
the stators are attached to the
outer case.
It is characterized by the number of

stages which can reaches 250
stages.
Rotary & Sliding modes
Rotary mode: withe surface

RPM / Torque
Sliding mode: surface RPM = 0
/ no Torque
Rota
r
y
Slidin
g
Rota
r
y Slidin
g
Rotary Steerable
System RSS
Steering with whole string rotating

3-D Control
Better hole cleaning
Push bit or Point bit systems
DL capability is controlled by
stabilization, flexibility and %
steering
Rotary Steerable
System RSS
Unit it
Bias t rol Un
Con
Pad out Pad in

Rotary Steerable
System RSS
Sidetracking from Cement Plug
monitor cement to formation

cuttings ratio
100% cement
50% cement
50% formation
side force
100% formation
CMT Plug
Casing
Introduction
Functions of casing
Types of casing string
Classification of casing
Basic casing design
Detailed casing Design
Effect of tension on collapse
resistance
What is it?
Once a hole has been

drilled, it is periodically
lined with steel pipe,
known as Casing.
Once installed, the casing

is cemented into place to
provide additional
support and a tight
pressure seal.
Functions of casing
Preventing theformationwall from caving into
the wellbore,
Isolating the different formations to prevent
the flowofformation fluid

o pay zones from other formations, protects surface fresh
water formations
Providing a means of maintaining control of
formation fluids and pressure as the well is

drilled
Principal Types of Casing
Conductor
Opening hole to surface Common sizes:
Isolate loose formations 30 - 20 Welded
Cover aquifer. Shallow gas 20 - 16 Threaded
Surface casing
Support well head and BOP Common sizes:
Isolate loose formations 20 - 9 5/8 threaded
Cover aquifer. Shallow gas
Intermediate / production
casing
Seal of abnormal pressure Common sizes:
Unstable formation. Loss formation 13 3/8, 10 3/4, 9 5/8 threaded
Give production annulus
Hang of liner, Install production packer
Liner
Some isolation Common sizes:
Optimal production 4 , 5, 7 threaded
Selection perforating
Principal Types of Casing
Well with 5 casings Well with 4 casings
30 Conductor 18 5/8
18 5/8 Surface casing
13-3/8
13-3/8
Intermediate
9-5/8
Intermediate
9-5/8
Intermediate
Reservoir
7 Production 156
casing
Classification of Casing
The casing are classified by the following:

Outside diameter (e.g. 9 5/8)
Material grade (e.g. N-80)
Pipe weight (e.g. 47 lb/ft)
Length of joint Range (e.g. Range 2)
o RANGE 1 16-25 ft
o RANGE 2 25-34 ft
o RANGE 3 > 34 ft
Type to threads and couplings (e.g. API LCSG)

Inside diameter, wall thickness (e.g. 1 ), drift
diameter
Casing color coding

OD: 7
ID= OD - 2t =
Wall thickness (t):
6.456
0.272
API recommanded
dimensions for drift
mandrels (API Spec. 5CT,
1992.)
Material grade
The steel grade of the casing relates to the tensile

strength of the steel from which the casing is made.
A code designated by a combination of both letter and

number.
Steel quality
(heat treatment)
J-55
Minimum yield strength = 55,000 psi
Pipe weight
It is the weight per unit length in Ib/ft.
There are three weights used:
Nominal Weight: Based on the theoretical calculated
weight per foot for a 20 ft length of threaded and
coupled casing joint.
Plain End Weight: The weight of the casing joint
without the threads and couplings.
Threaded & Coupled Weight (or Average Weight): The
weight of a casing joint with threads on both ends
and a coupling at one end
*The variation between nominal weight and average weight is

Casing weight in mud
Fmud = Fair x BF (same fluid is on the inside and outside of the

casing)
Where :
Fair : Casing weight in air Fair = Nominal weight x CSG Length
BF: Buoyancy factor BF = 1 [MW (ppg) / 65.4] or BF = 1 [MW
(sg) / 7.85]
Buoyancy force = F air F mud
Example: Casing 9 5/8, 47#, N80, MW: 12, L: 10.000 ft

Fair = 47x 10.000 = 470.000 ft, & BF= 1 [12/ 65.4] = 0,816
So, Fmud = Fair x BF = 470.000 x 0,816 =

383,716 lb
Casing & Tubing connections
classification
Round thread
API spec 5B Buttress thread
Extreme line
Tenaris Blue
Tenaris Family family
Antares family
Premiu NKK family
m VAM Family SEC
Atlas Bradford
Boss
Hunting Intl
HSLA
Multiseal/two
step
API casing thread types
Connections represent less than 3% of the pipe length & 10-50% of the
total tubular costs.
More than 90% of pipe failures occur in the connection.
The limit: leakage, thread jump out, thread shear, and tensile failure.
Include short round thread, long round thread, buttress, and extreme-
line.
Short threaded Connections (STC) : 8 threads per inch, Threads

have rounded crests and roots
Long threaded Connections (LTC) : 8 threads per inch, Threads
have rounded crests and roots, Thread section is longer so has better
sealability and tensile strength than STC
Buttress Connections (BTC) : 5 threads per inch
Except for extreme-line, the connections all include use of a coupling.

The last engaged thread in the coupling is the point of highest stress
concentration. It is the thinnest part of the entire tubular, and as such is
a natural place for failure to occur.
In general, API connections (BTC, LTC, STC) should work fine up to
Casing Threads and Couplings
CSG joint
Coupling
or CSG
collar
CSG joint
Casing Threads and Couplings
Basic Casing design
Preliminary Design
Identify
Well bore fluid densities
Casing diameters
Determine Lowest hole section
From lowest hole section bit
size, next casing string up must
have an ID which allows this bit
size to be passed.
Casing Setting Depths is

based on
Pore pressure
Fracture pressure
Usually available from offset
Casing setting depthsup-bottom design.
Casing setting depthsbottom-up design.
Detailed design
Forces acting
on casing
Axial forces Triaxial Radial

forces forces
- Tension
- Compression - Axial, radial & - Collapse
tengential - Burst
Most of axial tension arises from the casing weight.
The uppermost joint of the string is considered the weakest in tension as
it has to carry the total weight of the casing string.
Under axial tension, pipe body may suffer 2 possible deformations:
Elastic no permanent damage and it regains its original form if the load is
withdrawn;
Plastic the pipe body suffers a permanent deformation which often results in
Mechanical Properties of Casing
P external >P internal
Collapse pressure is highest at the

bottom and zero at top.
Radial loads on casing
P internal >P external
Burst pressure is highest at the top and

lowest at casing shoe.
Triaxial Design
6. Casing - Classification
Stress
Tensile
Collapse
Burst
Depth
Tensi Tensile stress due to weight of string is

le
Colla highest at top
Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth
pse Assume full reservoir pressure all along the
Burst
wellbore
Basic Casing design
Safety factors
Typical design factors:
Tension: API Recommends at least 1.8
Where: highest at top joint
Design: add bending forces, shock loads
Collapse: API Recommends at least 1.25

Where: highest at bottom of string
Design: empty casing, mud outside, mobile formations, no
cement
Burst: API recommendation is 1.1 to API Minimum internal yield

pressure
Cementing
6. Cementing - Purpose
Support the borehole
Provide casing support and protection
Provide zonal isolation
Prevent the movement of fluid through
the annular space outside the casing

Plugging off losses
6. Cementing - On-Shore Equipment
Bulk Plant
Silos, WBB, Compressor, Dust
Collector
Batch Mixer Fill
Diesel Engine
6. Cementing - Mixing & Surface equipment
6. Cementing - Accessory
Single Stage
Centralizer
Float Collar
Shoe
Pumping Wash
Wash
Pumping Wash
Wash
Pumping Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Spacer
Pumping Spacer
Spacer
Releasing Bottom Plug
Bottom Plug
Mixing and Pumping Slurry
Cement Slurry
Cement Slurry
Cement Slurry
Cement Slurry
Cement Slurry
Cement Slurry
Bottom Plug
Diaphragm Broken
Releasing Top Plug
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
Displacement
Bumping the Plug
6. Cementing Cement plug
Cement plugs are set for 4 primary
reasons:
To establish a sidetrack - kick off
plug
To suspend or Abandon a section of
the well
For plugging off losses
Squeezing to improve isolation or

6. Cementing Balanced Cement plug
The Balanced Cement Plug method Consider spotting viscous pill below the
aims, at the time of placement, equal cement plugs planned depth in any of the
height of cement in both the inside of following situations:
The density differential between the
drill pipe (stinger) and annulus mud and cement is substantial (say
more than 2 ppg)
The hole is deviated
The hole size is large

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INSTITUT ALGERIEN DU PETROLE

School of Hassi Messaoud

Once the geological study, & the seismic

REGIONAL GEOLOGY DETAILED

The purpose of drilling is to make a

Drilling will be done in several

The evaluation of the drilled formations will

Drilling cuttings: fragments of rocks

Bottom cores: a cylinder of

Side-wall cores: Small cylenders of

17 1/2 Hole Cement 13 3/8 CSG

17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG

17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG

12 1/4 Hole Cement 9 5/8 CSG

17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG

12 1/4 Hole 9 5/8 CSG

Drill 8 1/2 Hole

17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG

12 1/4 Hole 9 5/8 CSG

8 1/2 Hole Run Electrical Log

17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG

12 1/4 Hole 9 5/8 CSG

8 1/2 Hole Run 7 Liner

17 1/2 Hole 13 3/8 CSG

12 1/4 Hole 9 5/8 CSG

8 1/2 Hole Cement 7 Liner

The well can be vertical, deviated or

Drilling rig is a platform where the drilling

Conventional land Mobile land

To drill a well, we need to be able to:

Lift & lower the drill string

Traveling Dead line anchor

Blowout preventer BOP stack

Kill BOTTOM RAMS

line BOTTOM RAMS

Transmit Weight to drill bit (WOB)

Transmit rotation to drill bit (RPM,

and cool the bit

Functions of drill pipes (DP) Box

To serve as a conduit or conductor

Functions of drill pipes (DP)

Classification of drill pipes (DP)

Outer diameter, OD: from 2 3/8 to 6

Nominal weight (w/o tool joints) and

approximate weight (pipe body + tool

The material grade

The steel grade relates to the tensile

Classification of drill pipes (DP)

Depending on the degree of wear drill

New: No wear, has never been run in

Used to maintain the drill bit

Provide WOB to the bit Drill pipe

BHA is composed of:

MWD / LWD tools

To put weight on bit (WOB)

Used as transition zone

Is the point where the

Needs to be kept in the Neutral

A drilling bit is the cutting tool that is

Drilling fluid is circulated through

Soft formation Hard formation

Cutting Gouging-Scraping Chipping-Crushing

Cutting action: shearing the rock.