suhanan@ugm.ac.

id

REFRIGERATION

SUHANAN

Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering Gadjah Mada University
Jl. Grafika no.2 Yogyakarta 55281
Phone /fax : 0274-521673
E-mail : suhanan@ugm.ac.id

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 suhanan@ugm.ac.id

MATERI
Sistem Refrigerasi
Termodinamika Sistem Refrigerasi
Siklus Kompresi Uap
Sistem tekanan ganda
Komponen-komponen Sistem Refrigerasi
Refrigeran
Alat-alat kontrol, bantu, dan pengaman

Sistem Refrigerasi Gas

Sistem Refrigerasi Absorpsi
Sistem Refrigerasi Temperatur sangat rendah (cryogenics)

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 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Althouse A.D., Turnquist C.H., and Bracciano A.F., 1979, Modern

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, The Goodheart-Willcox Co. Inc.,
South Holand, Illinois
and Air Conditioning, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd, New Delhi
ASHRAE GRP 158, 1982, Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual,
Third Printing, ASHRAE Engineers, Inc., New-York
Ballaney P.L., 1980, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 5th Edition,
Khanna Publisher, Delhi
Carrier Air Conditioning Co., 1965, Handbook of Air Conditioning
System Design, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New-York
Dossat R.J., 1981, Principles of Refrigeration, John Wiley & Sons,
New-York
Langley B.C., 1982, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd Edition,
Reston Publishing Co., Inc., Reston, Virginia
Pita E.G., 1981, Air Conditioning Principles and Systems, John Wiley &
Sons, New-York

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 suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Carrier Air Conditioning Co., 1965, Handbook of Air Conditioning

System Design, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New-York
Dossat R.J., 1981, Principles of Refrigeration, John Wiley & Sons,
New-York
Langley B.C., 1982, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd Edition,
Reston Publishing Co., Inc., Reston, Virginia
Pita E.G., 1981, Air Conditioning Principles and Systems, John Wiley &
Sons, New-York

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 Definitions suhanan@ugm.ac.id

The transfer of heat from lower temperature regions to higher

temperature is called Refrigeration.
A refrigeration system removes thermal energy from a low-
temperature region and transfers heat to a high-temperature
region.
energy in the form of work must be added to the process to
get heat to flow from a low temperature region to a hot
temperature region.
Devices that produces refrigeration are called Refrigerator
The working fluid used in refrigerators are called Refrigerant
Refrigerator used for the purpose of heating a space by
transferring heat from a cooler medium are called Heat Pump
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 suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Refrigeration Cycle
Refrigeration- Cooling of an object and
maintenance of its temp below that of
surroundings
Working substance must alternate b/t
colder and hotter regions
Most common: vapor compression
Reverse of power cycle
Heat absorbed in low temp region and
released in high temp region
 Some typical low temperature suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Temperature
CelsiusAbsolute
( C) (K)
Tropics 45 318
Human body 37 310
Room temperature 20 293
Ice point 0 273
Salt + water (cryogen) -18 255
Antarctic winter -50 223
Solid carbon dioxide -78 195
Liquid oxygen -183 90
Liquid nitrogen -196 77
Liquid helium -269 4
Absolute zero -273 0
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 Logarithmic temperature scale suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Cryogenic
Cryogenic ATMOSPHERIC
temperature
temperature TEMPERATURES

HIGH HIGH
CRYOGENICS TEMP. PLASMAS FUSION ENERGY
PARTICLES

4
He
3
He SUPER BOILING POINTS
SUPER FLUID TC
LOWEST
FLUID TC
TEMPERATURES 4
He N2 H2O W
RECORDED

K
10-8 10-6 10-4 10-2 1 102 104 106 108 1010 1012
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 APLIKASI SISTEM REFRIGERASI
suhanan@ugm.ac.id

PROSES PENGAWETAN BAHAN MAKANAN

- Penyimpanan produk susu
- Penyimpanan produk daging/ikan
- Penyimpanan sayuran/buah-buahan

INDUSTRI
- Pemisahan gas dari udara
- Produksi amonia
- Dehumidification of air
- Solidification of solution
- Desalting of sea water

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 Normal boiling point and latent suhanan@ugm.ac.id

heat of fluids
Water : 373 K 2256 kJ/kg
Ethylene : 169 K 481 kJ/kg
Krypton : 120 K 116 kJ/kg
Methane : 111 K 512 kJ/kg
Xenon : 110 K 99 kJ/kg
Oxygen : 90 K 213 kJ/kg
Argon : 87 K 162 kJ/kg
Nitrogen : 77 K 199 kJ/kg
Neon : 27 K 86 kJ/kg
Hydrogen : 20 K 443 kJ/kg
Helium : 4.2 K 21 kJ/kg
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 APLIKASI REFRIGERASI (lanjutan) suhanan@ugm.ac.id

PEMAKAIAN KHUSUS
- Pemakaian pada sambungan susut
- Cold treatment

AIR CONDITIONING
Pengaturan temperatur, kelembaban,kualitas,
srkulasi dan kebisingan.
- Laboratorium
- Rumah sakit
- Tempat tinggal, gedung kantor, dll.
- Pabrik tekstil, farmasi, percetakan

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 suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

Reversed Carnot Cycle
All four processes that comprise the Carnot cycle can
be reversed.
Reversing the cycle will also reverse the directions of
any heat and work interactions.
The result is a cycle that operates in the
counterclockwise direction, which is called the
reversed Carnot cycle.
The reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient
refrigeration cycle operating between two specified
temperature levels.
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 Reversed Carnot Cycle suhanan@ugm.ac.id

RESERVOIR
SOURCE TH
TH
QH
QIN

HE Refri
Wnet, in
Wnet, out

QOUT QL

SINK RESERVOIR
TL TL

HEAT ENGINE REFRIGERATOR/HP

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 suhanan@ugm.ac.id

QL

CARNOT CYCLE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

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 Carnot Refrigerator or a Carnot Heat Pump suhanan@ugm.ac.id

A refrigerator or heat pump that operates on the reversed Carnot

cycle is called a Carnot refrigerator or a Carnot heat pump

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The reversed Carnot cycle is not a suitable model
for refrigeration cycle!
suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Process 2 3 involves the compression of a liquid-vapor

mixture, which requires a compressor that will handle two
phase.
Process 4 1 involves the expansion of high-moisture-content
refrigerant in a turbine.

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 Ideal Vapor-Compression suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Refrigeration Cycle

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The vapor compression refrigeration cycle is a common method for
transferring heat from a low temperature to a high temperature. suhanan@ugm.ac.id

The purpose of a refrigerator is the

removal of heat, called the cooling
load, from a low-temperature medium.

The purpose of a heat pump is the

transfer of heat to a high-temperature
medium, called the heating load.
When we are interested in the heat
energy removed from a low-temperature
space, the device is called a refrigerator
When we are interested in the heat
energy supplied to the high-temperature
space, the device is called a heat pump
In general, heat pump is used to describe
the cycle as heat energy is removed from
the low-temperature space and rejected
to the high-temperature space.
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 suhanan@ugm.ac.id

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 Four main components in a VCR system suhanan@ugm.ac.id

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 suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Two different pressures exist in the refrigeration cycle. The evaporator or

low pressure, in the "low side" and the condenser, or high pressure, in the
"high side". These pressure areas are divided by the other two components.
On one end, is the metering device which controls the refrigerant flow, and
on the other end, is the compressor.

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 Compressor suhanan@ugm.ac.id

The compressor is the heart of the system. The compressor does just
what its name is. It compresses the low pressure refrigerant vapor
from the evaporator and compresses it into a high pressure vapor.

The inlet to the compressor is called the Suction Line. It brings the
low pressure vapor into the compressor.

After the compressor compresses the refrigerant into a high pressure

Vapor, it removes it to the outlet called the Discharge Line.

Condenser
The Discharge Line leaves the compressor and runs to the inlet of the
condenser.
Because the refrigerant was compressed, it is a hot high pressure vapor
(as pressure goes up temperature goes up).
The hot vapor enters the condenser and starts to flow through the tubes.
Cool air is blown across the out side of the finned tubes of the condenser
(usually by a fan or water with a pump).

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 Since the air is cooler than the refrigerant, heat jumps from the
tubing to the cooler air (energy goes from hot to cold latent heat).
suhanan@ugm.ac.id

As the heat is removed from the refrigerant, it reaches its saturated

temperature and starts to flash (change states), into a high
pressure liquid.
The high pressure liquid leaves the condenser through the liquid
line and travels to the metering device. Sometimes running
through a filter dryer first, to remove any dirt or foreign particles.

Thermal Expansion Valves

A very common type of metering device is called a TX Valve (Thermostatic
Expansion Valve). This valve has the capability of controlling the
refrigerant flow. If the load on the evaporator changes, the valve can
respond to the change and increase or decrease the flow accordingly.

Evaporator
The cooler refrigerant in the evaporator tubes, absorb the heat
from conditioned space. The change of temperature causes the
refrigerant to flash or boil, and changes from a low pressure
liquid to a low pressure cold vapor.

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 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Assumptions for Ideal VCRC

irreversibilities within the evaporator, condenser and compressor are ignored
no frictional pressure drops
refrigerant flows at constant pressure through the two heat exchangers
(evaporator and condenser)
stray heat losses to the surroundings are ignored
compression process is isentropic
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 Refrigeration Process suhanan@ugm.ac.id

h
h3 = h4 h1 h2

1-2 : A reversible, adiabatic (isentropic) compression of the refrigerant.

The saturated vapour at state 1 is superheated to state 2

Wk = h2 h1
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 suhanan@ugm.ac.id
2 3 : An internally, reversible, constant pressure heat rejection in
which the working substance is desuperheated and then
condensed to a saturated liquid at 3. During his process,
the working substance rejects most of its energy to the
condenser cooling media.

QH = h2 h3
3 4 : An irreversible throttling process in which the temperature
and pressure decrease at constant enthalpy, h3 = h4

4 - 1 : An internally, reversible, constant pressure heat interaction in which

the working fluid is evaporated to a saturated vapour at state point 1.
The latent enthalpy necessary for vaporation is supplied by the
refrigerated space surrounding the evaporator. The amount of heat
transferred to the working fluid in the evaporator is called the
refrigeration load

QL = h1 h4
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 Thermodynamic Analysis suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Qk

Wk
Qe

h
h3 =h4 h1 h2

Refrigerating Effect RE = h1 h4 kJ/kg

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 Kerja input kompresor, Win
suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Win= h2 h1 kJ/kg.
Kalor yang dilepas pada kondenser, qk

qk= h2 h3 kJ/kg.
Coefficient of Performance, COP
h1 h 4
COP
h 2 h1
Massa alira refrigerant, m
Kapasitaspendinginan , Q e

m
Efek Re frigerasi , RE

Kapasitas pendinginan dinyatakan dalam satuan Ton Refrigerasi (TR).

1 TR = 200 Btu/min. = 12.000 Btu/hr. = 3,5 kW

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 Diagram p-h untuk R-134a suhanan@ugm.ac.id

3
2

4 1

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 Sub-Cooling & Super-Heat suhanan@ugm.ac.id

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 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle suhanan@ugm.ac.id

Irreversibilities in various components

- Pressure drop due to fluid friction
- Heat transfer from or to surroundings

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Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
suhanan@ugm.ac.id

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